Orangutans Saved From Indonesia Forest Fires
Orangutans Saved From Indonesia Forest Fires
30 September 2015
published by http://news.sky.com
Indonesia– More than 200 orangutans in Indonesia have been transferred to an artificial island to save them from raging forest fires.
At least 100 hectares of forest reserve within the animals’ sanctuary in Samboja Lestari are on fire, with the region’s hazardous haze spreading across the land.
Forest fire is seen from a helicopter operated by the National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB) over Langgam District, Riau province on the island of Sumatra
Forest fires are threatening the orangutans’ habitat
The fires started on Sunday and firefighters are reported to be still struggling to contain them, the Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOSF) said on its website.
All 209 orangutans are now on “Orangutan Island” an artificial island surrounded by a canal that is situated within the sanctuary.
A vet at the sanctuary said the fire was not presenting a threat to the adult animals.
She said: “The effects of this forest fire could generate upper respiratory infection diseases, or what is well known as ISPA. We have already conducted general check ups on our orangutans here and none of them show the symptoms, and hopefully it will not happen.”
The babies, however, could be affected because their immune systems are not yet strong enough to fight such extreme conditions – six of 13 babies being cared for in another reserve are being treated for acute respiratory infections and eye infections.
There is no present plan to evacuate the orangutans from the sanctuary.
The same vet said: “At this moment, we will not be evacuating (from the sanctuary), as you know the smoke is still concentrated in that area and here we are still safe, and hopefully the smoke or fire will not reach this area.
“But if this area is affected by fire, yes we will (evacuate).”
The charity was set up in 1991 to conserve and protect the Borean orangutan and its habitat. It currently takes care of 750 animals.
Kalimantan and Sumatra island, on west Indonesia, are the worst-affected areas by forest fires, which are caused by “slash-and-burn” land clearing practices.I find it remarkable that after several decades of forest and peatland fires, and associated haze problems, governmental and non-governmental organisations are still barking up the wrong tree in the fire and haze blaming game.
In a recentJakarta Globe article, President Joko Widodo talks tough on fires and haze, blaming disobedient plantation companies for setting the fires to clear land for planting. Similarly, the article quotes environmental activists who point to plantation companies for being the biggest cause of fires and haze.
Dear, oh dear does anyone ever read the studies about causes of forest fire and haze in Indonesia? Apparently not. Or maybe people do, but they prefer to ignore the facts and reiterate the more convenient fictions.
Complex problem
So I say it again, just in case there is someone out there willing to listen. Studies of fire and haze in Kalimantan and Sumatra point firmly towards small-scale farmers and other under-the-radar, mid-scale land-owners, rather than large companies as the main cause of fires and haze.
A study published last month in the journal Environmental Research Letters clearly shows that, on Sumatra, 59 per cent of fire emissions originate from outside timber and oil-palm concession boundaries. These non-concession-related fires generated 62 per cent of smoke exposure in equatorial South-east Asia (primarily Singapore and Malaysia).
In Kalimantan, non-concession fires play an even bigger role. Fires outside concessions generated 73 per cent of all emissions and 76 per cent of smoke affecting equatorial South-east Asia.
These findings are in line with similar results based on more detailed studies in Riau and published in Nature last year. In Riau, 52 per cent of the total burnt area in 2013 was within concessions. However, 60 per cent of these burned areas were occupied and used by small and medium landholders.
And another scientific publication on the causes of Indonesian forest fires showed that, even 15 years ago, when oil-palm companies were involved a lot more frequently than now in land-clearing with fire, rural communities were a dominant cause of fires in both Sumatra and Kalimantan.
The key point is that the fire and haze problem in Indonesia is complex, with multiple actors playing a role. Focusing on large concessions alone, which the Indonesian government and also non-government organisations seem to do, is not going to do much to reduce the problem.
If the President wants no more forest fires next year, his government needs to get realistic about real causes and think about how to address these effectively.
Anyone who has ever spent time in Kalimantan or Sumatra during the dry season knows that burning land for agriculture, for hunting, or just for fun is a favourite pastime of many. Most districts have laws in place that prohibit this kind of burning, but the big issue is that no one pays any heed to these laws and consequently, they are largely ignored.
A new approach
If the Indonesian government really wants to reduce the fire and haze problem, it needs to get far more specific in its management. Setting up task forces that look out for fires so that they can direct fire-fighting helicopters and cloud-seeding activities in the right direction are mostly window-dressing and will not do much to reduce the underlying problem of Indonesias many arsonists. An expert meeting on the fire problem on Aug 25 similarly recommended shifting the emphasis from fire-fighting to fire prevention.
First, and most immediately, you start with law enforcement. You get the army and police involved to track down anyone illegally setting fire to land, and take legal action. If the law says burning is illegal, prosecute the perpetrators how hard is that? You advertise burning prohibitions widely, through radio, television, newspapers, social media, billboards and public speeches by governors, district heads and others. And you make sure that everyone understands that this time, it is serious.
In the longer term, Sumatra and Kalimantan may need somewhat different approaches. On Sumatra, where most fire emissions are generated from peat lands, the government has to stop giving out concession licences on coastal peats. As I argued before, plantation development in coastal peatlands is unsustainable and will cause major economic losses to Indonesia. These peat lands need to be reforested and their original hydrology restored. That is the only way to stop peat burning.
In Kalimantan, where burning by local communities plays an even bigger role than in Sumatra, the focus may need to be more on stopping unsustainable slash-and-burn cultivation activities, especially in peat lands. Develop solid agricultural support programmes that provide subsidies for non-destructive land uses that use more advanced fertilisation and irrigation techniques and higher-yield crops.
Ultimately, Indonesia urgently needs to start taking the costs of development into consideration and not focus only on the benefits.
Fires and haze, just like flooding, water pollution, increased temperatures following deforestation and other issues, are costing society tens of billions of dollars in damage annually, but this is rarely noted by those in power. Fires and haze alone caused US$3.5 billion (RM15.07 billion) of losses to Indonesia in the past few years, according to the Jakarta Globe.
Who is counting the costs of floods that increase with deforestation and displace up to half-a-million people annually in Kalimantan alone?
And has anyone even tried to estimate the major economic impact of the much higher temperatures that prevail after a forest has been turned into a grassland or plantation?
Communities complain a lot about the heat, the associated reduced crop yields and the disease outbreaks. They know the costs, but who else is listening?
The science is there to inform decisions on all levels of government and to find lasting solutions, for Indonesias own sake. The Jakarta Globe
– See more at: http://www.themalaymailonline.com/what-you-think/article/getting-the-facts-right-on-indonesias-haze-problems-erik-meijaard#sthash.3AXdF9Vv.dpuf
