Forests begin to revive as global devastation of trees is reversed

Forests begin to revive as globaldevastation of trees is reversed

15 November 2006

published by www.timesonline.co.uk

Forests are increasing in countries across the world after centuries of being destroyed for their wood and to make way for people, according to research.
By measuring the density of trees rather than simply the area on which they grow,scientists have calculated that forests are increasing in almost half of theworld’s 50 most wooded nations.

Forests are still diminishing in some countries, such as Brazil and Indonesia.In others, such as China, they are now expanding, although world stocks arestill about 2.5 per cent lower now than in 1990.

Stocks of trees increased most rapidly in Spain and Ukraine, and were lost mostquickly in Indonesia, Nigeria and the Philippines between 1990 and last year.The area covered by trees increased most quickly in Vietnam, Spain and China,and reduced most quickly in Nigeria and the Philippines, according to the study.

The greatest total gain of the number of trees and the area of forest was madein China and the US. Indonesia and Brazil lost the most, while in India forestcoverage is now stable.

The researchers, whose study is published in the journal Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, said the findings offered hope that forestry lossworldwide would be reversed within a few years.

“An increasing number of countries and regions are from deforestation, raisinghopes for a turning point for the world as a whole,” they said. “Amidwidespread concerns about deforestation, growing stock has in fact expanded overthe past 15 years in 22 of the world’s 50 countries with the most forest. Anincreasing number of countries show gains.”  The study was carried out bysix academics and non-governmental forestry experts, including Alexander Mather,of the University of Aberdeen.

The improvements in tree density are thought by the team to be the result ofbetter forest management and advances in agriculture, which have enabled farmersto produce more food per acre, thereby reducing their need to encroach on woodedareas. “This great reversal in land use could stop the styling of a‘Skinhead Earth’ and begin a great restoration of the landscape by 2050,expanding the global forest by 10 per cent — about 300 million hectares, thearea of India,” said Jesse Ausubel, the director of the programme for thehuman environment at Rockefeller University in New York.

Pekka Kauppi, of the University of Helsinki, said: “Without depopulation orimpoverishment, increasing numbers of countries are experiencing transitions inforest area and density. While complacency would be misplaced, our insightsprovide grounds for optimism about the prospects for returning forests.”

Data from before the middle of the last century are at best sketchy, but whereavailable they appear to support Dr Kauppi’s hypothesis. French forestryrecords dating back to the Middle Ages show an arboreal renaissance, apparentlyunaffected by population increases. By 1800 forest cover in France had fallen toless than one third of the level three centuries before. After industrialisation,however, the trend suddenly reversed. Forest cover has risen steadily since. DrKauppi explained: “The main obstacles to forest transition are fast-growing,poor populations who burn wood to cook, sell it for quick cash, and clear forestfor crops.

“Harvesting biomass for fuel also forestalls the restoration of land tonature. Through paper recycling and a growing reliance on electroniccommunication, people help the transition by lessening demand for wood products.”

Wealth is one of the clearest indicators of a country’s success in reversingdeforestation. Of the countries surveyed, all of those with a GDP per capitagreater than $4,600 (£2,400) — roughly equivalent to that of Chile — hadincreased their forest cover since 1990.

However, the opposite was not always true. Many less developed countries alsoexperienced increases in forest cover: widespread replanting in China over thelast five years even offset Brazil’s annual loss of 3.1 million hectares.

Industrialised nations have shown that reforestation need not come at theexpense of the timber industry. In the past 15 years Indonesia has felled a vastarea of forest but harvested less timber than the US, which actually gainedgrowing stock.

The findings offer some hope for endangered species, for which forest habitatloss is often the biggest threat, and for the campaign to reduce carbon dioxideemissions, which are believed to be causing global warming.

Because trees and other plants absorb CO2 they are regarded as a valuable toolin removing it from the atmosphere. Conversely, if they are cut down, enormousquantities of CO2 are released into the atmosphere.

Paul Waggoner, of the Department of Forestry and Horticulture in Connecticut,said: “A rapid forest transition at a global scale would mean that atmosphericCO2 might not rise as fast as many fear.”