GFMC: Forest Fires in the United States, 15 September 2000

Policy News
From the Society of American Foresters (SAF) (www.safnet.org)
The following information is taken from "thE-forester" of 11 September 2000

On Friday, 8 September 2000, the Secretaries of the Interior and Agriculture released a report that recommends how best to respond to this year's severe fires, reduce the impacts of wildland fires on rural communities, and ensure sufficient fire fighting resources in the future.

The Wildland Fire Assessment System (WFAS) is a contribution of "The Fire Behavior Research Work Unit", Missoula (Montana USA). The broad area component of the Wildland Fire Assessment System (WFAS) generates maps of selected fire weather and fire danger components.

Fire Danger (Potential) is a normalized adjective rating class across different fuel models and station locations. It is based on information provided by local station managers about the primary fuel model, fire danger index selected to reflect staffing level, and climatological class breakpoints. Low danger (class 1) is green and extreme potential (class 5) is red.

Dead fuel moisture responds solely to ambient environmental conditions and is critical in determining fire potential. Dead fuel moistures are classed by timelag. A fuel's timelag is proportional to its diameter and is loosely defined as the time it takes a fuel particle to reach 2/3's of its way to equilibrium with its local environment. Dead fuels in NFDRS have four timelag classes:
1-hr: Fine flashy fuels, less than 1/4" (< 0.63 cm) diameter. Responds quickly to weather changes. Computed from observation time temperature, humidity and cloudiness.
10-hr: 1/4 to 1" (0.63 to 2.54 cm) diameters. Computed from observation time temperature, humidty, and cloudiness, or may be a standard set of "10-Hr Fuel Sticks" that are weighed as part of the fire weather observation.
100-hr: 1 to 3" (2.54 to 7.62 cm) diameter. Computed from 24 hour average boundary condition composed of day length, hours of rain, and daily temperature/humidity ranges.
1000-hr: 3 to 6" (7.62 to 15.24 cm) diameter. Computed from a 7-day average boundary condition composed of day length, hours of rain, and daily temperature/humidity ranges.


10-HR Fuel Moisture	100-HR Fuel Moisture	1000-HR Fuel Moisture

The Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) is a soil/duff drought index that ranges from 0 (no drought) to 800 (extreme drought) and is based on a soil capacity of 8 inches of water. Factors in the index are maximum daily temperature, daily precipitation, antecedent precipitation, and annual precipitation. KBDI = 0 - 200: Soil moisture and large class fuel moistures are high and do not contribute much to fire intensity. Typical of spring dormant season following winter precipitation. KBDI = 200 - 400: Typical of late spring, early growing season. Lower litter and duff layers are drying and beginning to contribute to fire intensity. KBDI = 400 - 600: Typical of late summer, early fall. Lower litter and duff layers actively contribute to fire intensity and will burn actively. KBDI = 600 - 800: Often associated with more severe drought with increased wildfire occurrence. Intense, deep burning fires with significant downwind spotting can be expected. Live fuels can also be expected to burn actively at these levels.
For further information on the Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) by Florida's Division of Forestry / Forest Protection Bureau please refer to Keetch-Byram Drought Index Revisited: Prescribed Fire Applications.

Operational Significant Event Imagery (OSEI) (14 September 2000)
The following significant events were identified by Satellite Analysis Branch meteorologists and reviewed by the OSEI support team:

With the exception of Idaho and New Mexico, few heat signatures have been detected in the western states by the satellite sensors. Cooler weather, higher humidity, and rain and/or snow in some areas over the past several days may have reduced the heat signatures from existing hotspots below the level detectable by the satellites. The National Interagency Fire Center reports 17 fires in Arizona, Idaho, California, Florida, Montana, and Wyoming.

NESDIS/OSEI NOAA-12 AVHRR HRPT satellite image, 13 September 2000
Several heat signatures are visible in Idaho and eastern Oregon. These may be hotspots from the
earlier wildfires.
(Source: NESDIS/OSEI)

NESDIS/OSEI NOAA-12 AVHRR HRPT satellite image, 13 September 2000
Several heat signatures are visible in southwestern New Mexico in the Gila National Forest. These
appear to be heat signatures from fires but have not been
verified via the National Interagency Fire Center list.
(Source: NESDIS/OSEI)

The BLM - Alaska Fire Service Initial Attack Management System (IAMS) is suite of computer applications developed by BLM/Fire to aid dispatchers and fire managers. IAMS Maps is one of these applications and provides graphical representation of various kinds of geographic data. Maps has been modified to produce output to a Web site to allow internet access to the data that IAMS stores. Dynamic data such as lightning (available May - September), fires, etc. are updated at the homepage of the BLM - Alaska Fire Service (select Maps / AFS IAMS Maps Viewer) every 15 minutes during the fire season.

GeoMAC Wildland Fire Support
The GeoMAC (Geospatial Multi-Agency Coordination Group) team has produced an internet based mapping application which allows firefighting coordination centers and incident command teams to access online maps of current fire locations and perimeters. Fire perimeter data is updated daily based upon input from incident intelligence sources, GPS data, IR imagery from fixed wing and satellite platforms. The fire maps also have relational databases in which the user can display information on individual fires such as name of the fire, current acreage and other fire status information. Additional data layers including fuel types, aircraft hazard maps, links to remote weather station data and other critical fire analysis information are currently being added to the GeoMAC application.

Fire and Aviation Management Morning Report (14 September 2000) [conversion table]
National Overview:
Preparedness Level IV
Seven new large fires were reported, three in the Southern Area and four in Southern California. Crews reached containment goals on two fires in the Southern Area. Initial attack activity was moderate throughout the United States. Remnants of tropical storm Lane will produce some isolated thunderstorms in western parts of California, Oregon and Washington. Very high to extreme fire indices were reported in Oregon, California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Montana, Wyoming, Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Texas and Oklahoma.

	Yesterday	Year to Date	Ten Year Average
Fires	103	77,135	64,337
Acres Burned	4,529	6,653,607	3,079,941
Estimated Daily Cost	$2 million

Resources and Statistics:
Resources committed on September 13:
98 – 20 person crews, 71 helicopters, 1 Battalion military (500 each), 217 engines, 10 air tankers, and 4,799 total personnel. Currently, there are 9 fires over 1,000 acres. The total number of acres burned this year is 220% of the ten-year average. The current new fires reported and daily acres burned are about one third of the number that occurred at the height of fire activity two weeks ago. Successful initial attack of new fire starts has risen to over 98%.

Other Information:
The 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment remains assigned to the Clear Creek fire in Idaho. International firefighters now number approximately 400, down from a high of 800.

Weather Outlook [conversion table]:
Southern Texas and the Gulf Coast states can expect high pressure to build over the region. The inland areas will be dry and there will be enough gulf moisture remaining to produce scattered thunderstorms near the coast. High temperatures will be in the 80's to 90's. Minimum relative humidity will be 35 to 45 percent inland and 50 to 60 percent along the immediate Coast. Light and variable winds will be under 10 mph.
In the West, a strong ridge will bring very warm conditions to the Great Basin and Northern Rockies. Moisture from tropical storm Lane will produce some showers and isolated thunderstorms in the western parts of California, Oregon and Washington. The southwest states will be sunny and dry.
High temperatures in the West will be in the 80's and 90's in the north to the 90's and 100's in the south. The exception to this will be the northwest coast where highs will be in the 70's.Minimum relative humidity in the west will generally range from the teens to mid 20 percent, with some single digits in the driest areas.

National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC)
NIFC Wildland Fire Update (14 September 2000) [conversion table]
Four new large fires were reported from southern California and three from Oklahoma yesterday. Two fires in southern California destroyed several structures, while one caused evacuations of a camp and subdivision. One fire in Oklahoma destroyed an outbuilding and all fires are being driven by strong winds, low humidity and hot temperatures. Southern Texas and the Gulf Coast states can expect warm and dry weather inland with scattered thunderstorms along the coast. Warm and dry conditions are expected in the Nevada, Utah, Idaho and Montana today with showers and isolated thunderstorms expected in California, Oregon and Washington. To date this year, 77,135 fires have burned 6,653,607 acres. The ten-year averages for 14 September are 64,337 fires burning 3,079,941 acres. There are currently 17 fires burning in Arizona, California, Florida, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming.

As of 14 September 2000	Number of Wildland Fires	Area burnt Acres
ten year average	64,337	3,079,941
2000	77,135	6,653,607
1999	72,826	4,648,088
1998	65,664	2,172,136
1997	52,445	2,741,948
1996	89,195	5,915,615
1995	66,707	1,717,121
1994	59,840	3,486,459
1993	48,604	1,631,347
1992	71,375	1,703,751
1991	58,954	2,228,815
1990	57,757	4,554,130
1989	45,975	1,460,280
1988	68,903	4,139,407

NIFC Wildland Fire Potential Assessment (7 September 2000 - 5 October 2000):
ALASKA - Potential: Below normal. Temperatures have been below normal and precipitation has been above normal for the last four to six weeks. August temperatures were the coolest ever recorded for most of the Interior. The Fire Potential Index is low and Fine Fuel Moisture Code is being measured as low and very low throughout the Interior. Shorter days and colder temperatures will continue the below normal fire activity in September.
NORTHWEST – Potential: Normal to above normal. Temperatures have been normal and precipitation has been below normal in the area for the past month. Live fuel moistures are close to average in areas and have been measured at 79% in northeastern Oregon to 161% in northwestern Washington. 1000-hour dead fuel moistures have also been mostly average for this time of the year. Measurements range from 21% in northwestern Washington to 8% in southeastern Oregon. The Energy Release Component (ERC) is being measured at or above average in the west and above average in the eastern portions of the area. PDI (Palmer Drought Index) indicates severe drought conditions in eastern Oregon and extreme drought in central Washington. The long-range weather forecast calls for above normal temperatures and below average precipitation for most of the area.
CALIFORNIA - Potential: Above normal. Temperatures have been normal in the north and above normal in the south. Precipitation has been below normal for the last 4 to 6 weeks and the recent rains could provide only short-term relief. Live fuel moistures in the north are still at critical levels at about 70% in the north. Live fuel moistures are being measured at around 50% to 70% in the south and east and up to 100% in the west. 1000-hour fuel moisture in most of the state is around 6% to 10%, which is below average. Predicted Santa Ana winds could be a factor in the next month. PDI indicates normal conditions in the north and severe and extreme drought in the central and southern areas. Long range forecasts calls for above normal temperatures.
NORTHERN ROCKIES - Potential: Above normal. Precipitation has been below normal in much of the area and temperatures have been above normal. Live fuel moistures are being measured from the 50% to 120% and 1000 hour fuel moistures are generally between 10% to 20 % in the area. Though recent storms in northern Idaho and western Montana have brought some relief to large fire growth, the PDI indicates extreme and severe drought conditions exists in much of the area. Long-range weather forecasts call for above normal temperatures and below normal precipitation in northwestern Idaho.
GREAT BASIN - Potential: Normal to above normal. Temperatures have been above normal during the past month while precipitation has been below normal through the area. Live fuel moisture is ranging from 47% to 113% in Nevada and 51 to 170% in the Eastern Great Basin. 1000-hour fuel moisture is averaging 6% in Nevada and from 5% to 15% in the Eastern Great Basin. Cloudy skies, higher humidities and cooler temperatures have moderated fire conditions for the present. The PDI indicates that most of the region is in severe and extreme drought conditions except for southern Nevada. Long-range weather predicts normal to above normal temperatures and near normal precipitation.
SOUTHWEST - Potential: Normal. Temperatures have been normal and precipitation has been normal to above normal. Live fuel moisture readings are normal in much of the area at 95% to 120%. 1000-hour fuel moisture levels are normal to above normal at 10% to 14% in Arizona and 10% to 18% in New Mexico. Palmer Drought Index (PDI) shows extreme drought conditions in Arizona and severe drought in central and western New Mexico. The long-range outlook indicates above normal temperatures and above normal precipitation for the next 30 days.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN - Potential: Normal to above normal. Temperatures were below normal to above normal and precipitation was normal to above normal for the last four to six weeks. Live fuel samples are below normal for much of the area, ranging from 95% in ponderosa pine to 70% to 90% in pinyon pine and juniper fuels. 1000-hour fuel moisture is around 6% to 10 % in the west and 11% to 15% in the east, which is slightly below normal. Normal monsoon moisture did not move far enough north to provide relief from the dry conditions in Wyoming and eastern South Dakota so large fire growth is anticipated in those areas. PDI indicates severe and moderate drought in most of the area. The long-range forecast calls for normal precipitation for Colorado.
EASTERN - Potential: Normal. Temperatures and precipitation have been normal through much of the area for the last month. The 1000-hour fuels are currently ranging from 18% to 25% which is average for this time of year. Potential for any significant activity should be limited to the southern tier states. The PDI indicates that most areas are near normal or wetter than normal. Long-range climate forecasts call for normal temperatures. Below normal precipitation is predicted for the Great Lakes and above normal for the Eastern Seaboard.
SOUTHERN - Potential: Normal to above normal. Temperatures have been below normal in Kentucky and Virginia and normal elsewhere. Precipitation has been below normal in most of the southern tier states. Live fuel moisture is being measured as low as 30% to 50% in Texas and Louisiana and at 120% to 180% elsewhere. 1000 hour dead fuel moisture is at 12% in Louisiana and is averaging 18% through much of the rest of the area. The PDI shows large portions of Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Georgia, and Florida and all of Alabama to be in drought conditions. The long-range outlook is calling for normal temperatures and precipitation for most of the area.

Temperatures and Precipitation reflect conditions over the past four to six weeks. The long-range forecast is for the next 30 days. Above and below normal is indicated above in the narrative, areas not mentioned fall in the climatological category which means there are equal chances of being below normal (33.3%), normal (33.3%) or above normal (33.3%).

Map describing the wildland fire potential, 7 September - 5 October 2000
(Source: NIFC)

National Weather Service
Long-range, 30-day weather forecasts are predicting above-normal temperatures for the southern tier of states from southern California to Florida and throughout the Midwest (see 30 and 90-day forecast maps).

30 and 90-day temperature and precipitation forecast maps (September and September to November 2000)
(Source: National Weather Service)

Remarks on Prescribed Burning
Fire is an important natural tool for ecosystem management. It can reduce dense vegetation improving wildlife habitat and lessening the potential for large, wildfire disasters. Land managers are directed to prepare a prescribed fire/burn plan for every area of public land that can burn. Some areas require total suppression while others will benefit from a wildland fire. Those areas that will benefit from a fire can be treated by a prescribed fire.
Especially, for the moment, in the southern and southeastern regions of the United States prescribed fire activities will be carried out in the following weeks and months. In this case, fire signals on satellite images can be traced back to this kind of land management activities.

In the Prescribed Fire Position Paper of the Forest Protection Bureau by the Division of Forestry in Florida, prescribed fire activity is described as a land management application that is essential to the practice of forestry, management of wildlife, preservation of endangered plant and animal species, improvement of range conditions and reduction of wildfire damage in the wildland/urban interface areas. While there is general public and landowner concern with increased smoke, reduced air quality, and liability; the general public and landowners benefit significantly from the reduction of devastating wildfire, improved wildlife habitat and forage, preservation of endangered and threatened plant and animal species, and improved management of forest resources. The prospect of severe reductions in the utilization of this management tool is of major concern to Florida's natural resource managers and conservationists due to the subsequent loss of derived public and private benefits. They suggest the need for legislative attention.

Another report on nation-wide prescribed burning in the U.S.A. was published in International Forest Fire News No.19 (September 1998).
A set of photographic documents on prescribed burning techniques and objectives in the Southeast can be visited in our photo archive.