LANDSCAPE FIRE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT – PRINT AND ONLINE PUBLICATIONS

GFMC Bibliography / References on Landscape Fires:
Classical Textbooks, Monographs, Guidelines and Links to Online Sources

Introduction

Since 2023, FAO and UNEP are co-developing a Global Fire Management Hub. The aim of the Global Fire Management Hub is to strengthen countries’ capacities to implement integrated fire management with the major impact of reducing the many negative effects of wildfires on people, landscapes, and global climate. In 2023, the FAO and GFMC agreed to transition the online repository of GFMC to the Global Fire Management Hub and close partnership with the Global Wildland Fire Network and the Regional Fire Management Resource Centers

In context of the revision of the FAO Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines (published in 2006, in revision in 2024), the GFMC is providing this compilation of bibliographic references and online source of landscape fire ecology and management, Integrated Fire Management (IFM), fire history and prehistory of landscape fire and global change / climate change.

Online Libray of the Wildland Fire Research Institute

Previously known as Fire Research Institute, its name was changed in 2022 to Wildland Fire Research Institute (WFRI). It was founded in 1983 to benefit research in fire across the globe. WFRI is a not-for-profit wildland fire library. WFRI is managing a database of approximately 150,000 citations on all the topics related to landscape fires:

The Tall Timbers E.V. Komarek Fire Ecology Database

The donation of personal research collections from E. V. Komarek and Herbert L. Stoddard, who were two of the key founders of Tall Timbers, was the original impetus for the Tall Timbers Board of Trustees to mandate creation of a computerized bibliographic database. Since its inception in 1987, the database has been continually expanded under the direction of the Tall Timbers library. Although international in scope, the database emphasizes the southeastern United States, the USA, and North America. Historical and current works are included. Currently, there are over 30,000 citations in the database.

Monographs and textbooks

The following monographs and textbooks include numerous references to journal publications including grey literature. Some are available as open-source digital versions and are marked with a URL for online access through the digital version of the FAO Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines. Others are available in libraries or, on demand, as print and digital versions by the publishing houses.

Fire ecology

  • Bond, W.J. & van Wilgen, B.W. 1996. Fire and plants. Population and Community Biology Series 14. London, Chapman and Hall.
  • Booysen, P. de V. & Tainton, N.M., eds. 1984. Ecological effects of fire in South African ecosystems. Ecological Studies Vol. 48. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, Springer.
  • Gill, A.M., Groves, R.H. & Noble, I.R., eds. 1981. Fire and the Australian biota. Canberra, Australian Academy of Science.
  • Goldammer, J.G., ed. 1990. Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges. Ecological Studies Vol. 84. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, Springer.
  • Goldammer, J.G., ed. 1992. Tropical forests in transition. Ecology of natural and anthropogenic disturbance processes. Basel-Boston, Birkhäuser.
  • Goldammer, J.G. 1993. Feuer in Waldökosystemen der Tropen und Subtropen. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel-Boston, 251 p.
  • Goldammer, J.G. & Furyaev, V.V., eds. 1996. Fire in ecosystems of boreal Eurasia. The Hague, Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Goldammer, J.G. & Jenkins, M.J., eds. 1990. Fire and ecosystem dynamics. Mediterranean and northern perspectives. The Hague, Netherlands, SPB Academic Publishers.
  • Goldammer, J.G. & Kondrashov, L.G., eds. 2006. Northeast Asia: contribution to the global forest fire cycle. Khabarovsk-Center, Russian Federation. Global Fire Monitoring Center – Khabarovsk & Pacific Forest Forum (in Russian).
  • Johnson, E.A. & Miyanishi, K., eds. 2001. Forest fires. Behaviour and ecological effects. San Diego, Academic Press.
  • Kozlowski, T.T. & Ahlgren, C.E., eds. 1974. Fire and ecosystems. New York, Academic Press.
  • Trabaud, L., ed. 1987. Role of fire in ecological systems. The Hague, Netherlands, SPB Academic Publishers.
  • van Wilgen, B., Andreae, M.O., Goldammer, J.G. & Lindesay, J., eds. 1997. Fire in Southern African savannas. Ecological and atmospheric perspectives. Johannesburg, South Africa, University of Witwatersrand Press.
  • Wein, R.W. & MacLean, D.A., eds. 1983. Role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
  • Whelan, R.J. 1995. Ecology of fire. Cambridge Studies in Ecology. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
  • Wright, H.A. & Bailey, A.W. 1982. Fire ecology. United States and Southern Canada.
  • New York, John Wiley & Sons.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Reports on “Wildland Fire in Ecosystems”

Fire prehistory and histories

  • International Paleofire Network (IPN): http://www.paleofire.org/ 
  • Clark, J.S., Cachier, H., Goldammer, J.G. & Stocks, B.J., eds. 1997. Sediment records of biomass burning and global change. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, Springer.
  • Kull, C. 2004. Isle of fire: The political ecology of landscape burning in Madagascar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Pooley, S. 2014. Burning Table Mountain. An environmental history of fire on the Cape Peninsula. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Pyne, S.J. 1982. Fire in America. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
  • Pyne, S.J. 1991. Burning bush. A fire history of Australia. New York, Henry Holt and Company.
  • Pyne, S.J. 1995. World fire. New York, Henry Holt.
  • Pyne, S.J. 1997. Vestal fire. An environmental history, told through fire, of Europe and Europe’s encounter with the World. Seattle, WA, University of Washington Press.
  • Pyne, S.J. 2007. Awful splendour: A fire history of Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
  • Pyne, S.J., 2015. Between two fires: A fire history of contemporary America. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Pyne, S.J. 2024. Five suns: A fire history of Mexico. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Landscape fires, climatology, remote sensing and atmospheric chemistry

  • Ahern, F., Goldammer, J.G. & Justice, C., eds. 2001. Global and regional vegetation fire monitoring from space: planning a coordinated international effort. The Hague, Netherlands, SPB Academic Publishing.
  • Crutzen, P.J. & Goldammer, J.G., eds. 1993. Fire in the environment: the ecological, atmospheric, and climatic importance of vegetation fires. Dahlem Workshop Reports, Environmental Sciences Research Report 13. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons.
  • Goldammer, J.G. & Furyaev, V.V., eds. 1996. Fire in ecosystems of boreal Eurasia. The Hague, Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Goldammer, J.G. ed. 2013. Vegetation fires and global change. Challenges for concerted international action. A White Paper directed to the United Nations and international organizations. Kessel Publishing House, Remagen-Oberwinter, 398 p.
  • Innes, J., Beniston, M. & Verstraete, M.M., eds. 2000. Biomass burning and its interrelationships with the climate system. The Hague, Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • van Wilgen, B., Andreae, M.O., Goldammer, J.G. & Lindesay, J., eds. 1997. Fire in Southern African savannas. Ecological and atmospheric perspectives. Johannesburg, South Africa, University of Witwatersrand Press.
  • Scott, A.C., Bowman, D.M.J.S., Bond, W.J., Pyne, S.J. & Alexander, M.E. 2014. Fire on Earth: An introduction. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.

Community-based, cultural, indigenous and integrated fire management

The GFMC provides a portal to access resources of community-based, cultural, indigenous and integrated fire management.

Among a range of literature including media and grey-literature reports, the following themes are addressed in the portal:

The following three volumes include a broad range of information and sources on CBFiM and cultural / indigenous fire use:

Fire management

This list of classical and recently published textbooks and monographs provide comprehensive secondary literature:

  • Arnaldos Viger, J., Navalon Nonel, X. & Pastor Ferrer, E. 2004. Manual de ingeniería básica para la prevención y extinción de incendios forestales, Madrid, Mundi-Prensa.
  • Belcher, C.M. ed. 2013. Fire phenomena and the Earth system. An interdisciplinary guide to fire science. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Bradstock, R.A., Gill, A.M. & Williams, R.J. eds. 2012. Fire regimes, biodiversity and ecosystems in a changing world. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing.
  • Brown, A.A. & Davis, K.P. 1973. Forest fire. Control and use. New York, McGraw Hill.
  • Chandler, C., Cheney, N.P., Thomas, P., Trabaud, L. and Williams, D. 1983. Fire in forestry. Vols. I and II. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
  • Cheney, P. & Sullivan, A. 2008. Grassfires. Fuel, weather and fire behavior. Collingwood: CSIRO Australia.
  • Chuvieco, E. & Martín, M.P. 2004. Nuevas tecnologías para la estimación del riesgo de incendios forestales, Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC).
  • Cochrane, M.A. 2009. Tropical fire ecology. Climate change, land use, and ecosystems dynamics. Chichester: Springer Praxis.
  • Cowling, R. ed. 1992. The ecology of Fynbos. Nutrients, fire and diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • DeBano, L.F., Neary, D.G. & Ffolliott, P.F. 1998. Fire’s effects on ecosystems. New York: Wiley.
  • Goldammer, J.G. ed. 2013. Prescribed burning in Russia and neighbouring temperate-boreal Eurasia. A publication of the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). Kessel Publishing House, 326 p.
  • Heikkilä, T.V., Grönqvist, R. & Jurvélius, M. 2007. Wildland Fire management handbook for trainers. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Development Policy Information Unit, Helsinki. 236 p.
  • Heikkilä, T., Grönqvist, R., Jurvelius, M. & Goldammer, J.G. 2013. Handbook on forest fire control (in Russian). Pushkino, Helsinki and Freiburg, 269 p.
  • Keeley, J.E., Bond, W.J., Bradstock, R.A., Pausas, J.G. & Rundel, P.W. 2012. Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems. Ecology, evolution, and management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pasiecznik, N. & Goldammer, J.G. eds. 2022. Towards fire-smart landscapes. Tropical Forest Issues 61. Tropenbos International, Ede, the Netherlands. xiv +191 pp. doi.org/10.55515/DVRK2501
  • Porrero, M. 2001. Incendios forestales. Investigación de causas. Madrid, Mundi-Prensa.
  • Pyne, S.J., Andrews, P.J. & Laven, R.D. 1996. Introduction to wildland fire. Second edition. New York-Chichester UK, John Wiley & Sons.
  • Rego, F.C., Morgan, P., Fernandes, P. & Hoffman, C. 2021. Fire science. From chemistry to landscape management. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
  • Rodriguez Trejo, D.A. 2014/2015. Incendios de vegetación. Su ecología, manejo e historia, Vol. 1 and 2. Guadalajara: Editorial del Colegio de Postgraduados.
  • Teie, C.W. 2003. Fire manager´s handbook on veld and forest fires – strategy, tactics and safety. South African edition (edited by C.F. Pool). Pretoria, Southern African Institute of Forestry.
  • Vélez Muñoz, R., coord. 2000. La defensa contra incendios forestales. Fundamentos y experiencias. Madrid, McGraw-Hill.
  • Vélez Muñoz, R. & Vega, J.A., eds. 2000. Actas de la reunión sobre quemas prescritas. Madrid, Sociedad Española de Ciencias Forestales.

Fire management guidelines

The GFMC provides a portal to fire management guidelines from throughout the world. The web post is continuously updated:

Among other, the portal includes:

Gender, equity, diversity, inclusion and justice

The GFMC provides a dedicated portal to the role of women in fire management. The web post is continuously updated with enlarged view and materials on diversity, inclusion and justice:

Among numerous scientific and media reports, the following key publications are accessible online:

Thematic journals

International Journal of Wildland Fire (IJWF): IJWF publishes new and significant papers that advance basic and applied research concerning wildland fire. The journal welcomes papers aimed at understanding the basic principles of fire as a process; its interactions with the weather and climate; its impacts on ecology, hydrology, geomorphology, landscape carbon dynamics, the atmosphere, and society; modelling fire and its effects; or presenting information on how to effectively and efficiently manage fire. Manuscripts from physical, biological and social sciences will be considered. The journal has an international perspective, since wildland fire plays a major social, economic and ecological role in many regions of the world and strongly interacts with global climate change:

Fire: Fire is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal about the science, policy, and technology of fires and how they interact with communities and the environment, published monthly online by MDPI. Launched in November 2017, Fire was considered the journal following-up the UNECE/FAO international Forest Fire News (IFFN).The Global Wildland Fire Network is affiliated with Fire:

Revista Incendios y Riesgos Naturales: Una revista independiente de la comunidad internacional de riesgos naturales en español (ISSN: 2660-9940). El mundo de los incendios está volviéndose asimétrico hacia la extinción en detrimento de la gestión. A la vez, la única voz que oímos en general es la de los investigadores que recopilan y analizan datos operativos buscando correlaciones y tendencias, pero no siempre analizando los procesos. Hay un déficit claro de informes operativos para el público técnico y gestor. No se muestra el impacto de la gestión forestal (o de la ausencia de esta) en los regímenes operativos de extinción. Por último, deberíamos usar la investigación basada en IA (inteligencia Artificial) y Big Data a partir del mundo operativo y con el asesoramiento cercano de los gestores, técnicos y bomberos forestales. Lo mismo para otros riesgos en el medio natural.

UNECE/FAO international Forest Fire News (IFFN): IFFN was a key activity of the FAO/UNECE Team of Specialists on Forest Fire and the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) and constituted the first international newsletter / journal covering forest fires and other vegetation fires at global level. Between 1989 and 2014 IFFN was printed and published on behalf of UNECE Timber Committee and the FAO European Forestry Commission. In 2017, the concept of IFFN was inherited to the journal Fire. All 45 volumes, which contain scientific and technical reports on forest fires and other landscape fires around the world, are archived and available digitally:

Web portals on international cooperation in fire management

General – Online repository of the Global Wildland Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) with numerous links to thematic national, regional and international sources

Landscape fire science and management glossaries

Fire management guidelines

Online publications, libraries and bibliographies

Global Wildland Fire Network

United Nations role in international cooperation in fire management

International agreements for assistance in fire emergencies

Portal to global landscape fire information systems (near real-time) and recent actively burning landscape fires by various open access and commercial providers

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Bibliography: Fire Ecology in Central Europe

Bibliography on the Use of Fire in Nature Conservation

The GFMC has published a number of papers that were presented at a scientific workshop on fire ecology and fire management in nature conservation areas and in landscape management in Germany, hosted by the Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz, Schneverdingen, Germany, October 1996. This first scientific discussion after a break of nearly ten years brought together scientists and practitioners from heathlands, agriculture, pastoralism and forestry in Germany and neighbouring countries. The contributions cover the most important fire ecological and historical aspects of land-use fires in Central, Western and Northern Europe. The conclusions of most papers revealed that it was timely to reconsider traditional burning practices for restoring and/or maintaining those habitats and landscape types which are endangered by the lack of land-use disturbances, including fire, and the subsequent succession towards less species-rich ecosystems.

The bibliographic reference of the proceedings of the workshop (in German) is:

Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz (ed.) 1997. Feuereinsatz im Naturschutz. Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz, Schneverdingen. NNA-Berichte 10 (5), 181 p. <in German> (ISSN 09 35-1450).

Several papers on the history and use of fire in nature conservation and landscape management in Central Europe are provided on the website of the European Fire in Nature Conservation Network. An extensive bibliography is given below:

1. General Literature (including German papers about fire ecology outside Europe)

2. Fire in the Historic Cultural Landscape and Fire History

3. Flora

4. Fauna

5. Soil and Climate

6. Forests (not including fire prevention and fire fighting)

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GFMC Fire Management Guidelines

Fire Management Guidelines and Handbooks

Prepared by GFMC and Partners

These Fire Management Guidelines and Handbooks have been prepared or published by the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) and its partners:

Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa

This GFMC publication has been prepared by a consortium of 43 contributing authors. Hard copies of the 432-page volume are available for a subsidized price for the African market.

Reference: Goldammer, J.G., and C. de Ronde (eds.). 2004. Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa. Global Fire Monitoring Center and Oneworldbooks, Freiburg – Cape Town, 432 p. (ISBN 1- 919833-65-X).

Book orders:

Book flyer: Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Subsahara Africa (PDF, 200 KB)
Order form: Fax-Order Form (PDF, 120 KB)
Medium-resolution digital version (PDF, 11 MB)

Guidelines on Safe Fire Management on Contaminated Terrain

In 2014 the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) commissioned the report Best Practices and Recommendations for Wildfire Suppression in Contaminated Areas, with Focus on Radioactive Terrain (Goldammer, J.G., Kashparov, V., Zibtsev, S., Robinson, S., Freiburg-Basel-Kyiv, 53. p.)

Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events

At three major planning meetings, the GFMC supported the WHO to prepare guidelines together with a volume with background papers and a teacher’s guide. The volumes aim at contributing to prevent and manage disasters caused by smoke from vegetation fires and to mitigate their effects on human health:

References: Schwela, D.H., J.G. Goldammer, L.H. Morawska, and O. Simpson. 1999. Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events. Guideline document. Published on behalf of UNEP, WHO, and WMO. Institute of Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore. Double Six Press, Singapore, 291 p.

Goh, K.T., D.H. Schwela, J.G. Goldammer, and O. Simpson. 1999. Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events. Background Papers. Published on behalf of UNEP, WHO, and WMO. Institute of Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore. Namic Printers, Singapore, 498 p.

Schwela, D.H., L.H. Morawska, and Abu Bakar bin Jafar. 1999. Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events. Teachers’ Guide. Published on behalf of UNEP, WHO, and WMO. Institute of Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore. Double Six Press, Singapore, 114 p.

Online Publication: https://gfmc.online/programmes/un/who/who.html

ITTO Guidelines on Fire Management in Tropical Forests

The sixth publication in the ITTO Policy Development Series aims to provide practical assistance to member countries as they address issues and develop fire management principles to ensure the protection and sustainable management of tropical forests. The guidelines were drafted under the leadership of the GFMC in 1994 and finalized by a group of experts in 1996.

Reference: International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). 1997. ITTO Guidelines on Fire Management in Tropical Forests. ITTO Policy Development Series No.6. ITTO, Yokohama, 40 p.

Online Publication: https://gfmc.online/programmes/itto/itto.htm

GFMC Guidelines on Fire Management in Tropical Forests

Beginning in the 1980s the GFMC has developed the first training handbooks for Forestry colleges in Brazil and Burma (Myanmar). These handbooks have a historic significance and relied on own and other internationally available illustrations. The overview paper “Fire management in tropical forests” was developed for students in Indonesia and based on the fire management chapter in the 1993 and 2016 issues of the “Tropical forestry handbook” (Goldammer, J.G. 2016. Fire management in tropical forests. In: The tropical forestry handbook [L. Pancel and M. Koehl, eds.], Second Edition, Vol. 3, 2659-2710. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg. ISBN 9783-642-54600-6).

  • Goldammer, J.G. 1982. Incêndios florestais. Prevençào, controle e uso do fogo. Destaque especial para os reflorestamentos de Pinus spp. Colégio Florestal Irati, 93 p. (GTZ) (PDF, 3.0 MB).
  • Goldammer, J.G. 1986. Technical and Vocational Forestry and Forest Industries Training, Burma. Introduction to Forest Fire Management. FAO Rome, 159 p. FO: DP/BUR/81/001, Field Document No. 6 (PDF, 17.0 MB).
  • Goldammer, J.G. 2018. Fire management in tropical forests. An Introduction for Students of Forest Sciences of the Regional Fire Management Resource Center –South East Asia (RFMRC-SEA) at Bogor Agricultural University. Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC).

Guidelines on Fire Management in Temperate and Boreal Forests

This FAO Guidelines document was developed under the aegis of GFMC in 2002. The guidelines are considered to be open for discussion and additional inputs that may be included successively.

Online publication on the GFMC repository:

FAO Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines

The FAO Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines – published in 2006 – outline the Principles and Strategic Actions necessary for policy, planning and senior management decision makers to achieve more integrated and cross-sectoral approaches to fire management. The first edition of the guidelines has been developed in response to the outcomes of the FAO Ministerial Meeting on Forests and the 17th Session of the FAO Committee on Forestry (Rome, Italy, March 2005), which called upon FAO, in collaboration with countries and other international partners, including the UNISDR, to develop a Strategy to Enhance International Cooperation in Fire Management, that advanced knowledge, increased access to information and resources and explored new approaches to cooperation at all levels. GFMC contributed with inputs from the UNISDR Global Wildland Fire Network.

After the establishment of the Global Fire Management Hub at the FAO in 2023, one of its first activities was the update and revision of the first edition. In July 2024, at the eve of the 27th Session of the FAO Committee on Forestry, the second edition of the guidelines were published – with the new title “Integrated Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines – Principles and strategic actions – as a first step in English:

Second Edition (2024)

Online publication: https://doi.org/10.4060/cd1090en

Currently available on the GFMC repository:

First Edition (2024)

Online publication: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/j9255e/j9255e00.htm

Alternatively available on the GFMC repository:

Landscape Fire Governance Framework 2023: Guiding Principles for Adjusting Strategies, Policies, and Management to Global Change

In preparation of the 8th International Wildland Fire Conference (Porto, Portugal, May 2023) a team of landscape fire experts developed a paper, which provides background, rationale and guiding principles for improving landscape fire governance. The initial paper “The International Landscape Fire Management Framework: Guiding Principles for Adjusting Policies and Governance to Global Change” was later entitled:

Handbook on Forest Fire Control: A Guide for Trainer

The Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) has supported the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines for Fire Management by financing the review of the “Handbook on Forest Fire Control, A Guide for Trainers” to incorporate the more holistic approaches. The “Handbook on Wildland Fire Management for Trainers” will target field trainers/instructors, and thus complement the other recent Wildland Fire Management Handbooks; for Sub-Sahara Africa (2004), for North-East Asia (2006) in Russian, produced by the UNISDR and the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). This handbook production was supported by GFMC.

Reference: Heikkila, T.V., R. Gronqvist, and M. Jurvélius. 2007. Wildland Fire Management: Handbook for Trainers. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Development Policy Information Unit. Helsinki, Finland, 236 p. (ISBN-13: 978-951-724-581-4)

In 2013, an updated version of the handbook was published in Russian with the editorial support by Andrey M. Eritsov (Aerial Fire Center of Russia Avialesookhrana):

Reference: Heikkilä, T., R. Grönqvist, M. Jurvélius and J.G. Goldammer. 2013. Handbook on Forest Fire Control (in Russian). Pushkino, Helsinki and Freiburg, 269 p.

Defense of Villages, Farms and Other Rural Assets against Wildfires: Guidelines for Rural Populations, Local Communities and Municipality Leaders in the Balkan Region

In many regions globally rural settlements (villages, towns, scattered farmsteads) and other rural assets (agricultural fields / crops, infrastructures and other values at risk) are increasingly endangered by wildfires. This trend is driven by the consequences of land-use change, regional climate change and particularly by the rural exodus, which has resulted in the weakening of rural workforce and self-protection ability and increasing wildfire hazard on abandoned lands. In order to enhance the capabilities of local rural communities to defend themselves against wildfires a set of guidelines was developed for the Balkans as a pilot region, designed to be adapted to the conditions of other regions and countries as deemed appropriate:


Other Public-Domain Fire Management Guidelines


Russian Handbooks Published by Greenpeace of Russia and the Aerial Forest Fire Center of Russia Avialesookhrana

The following two publications have been prepared after the 2010 fire season. The first publication by Greenpeace includes recommendations for organizing volunteer fire brigades, how to use and observe regulations, and information on fire centers and other services.

Another Handbook for Volunteers Fire Brigades has been developed jointly by Greenpeace of Russia and the Aerial Forest Fire Center Avialesookhrana of the Federal Forestry Agency of Russia. This handbook consists of information about forest fires, rules, and regulations, firefighting tactics and methods, equipment, firefighter safety, etc. A special chapter is on first medical care.

With accelerating land-use change and climate change in temperate-boreal Eurasia the properties of organic terrain, which has accumulated in wetlands (moors, mires, and peat and turf lands), are gradually changing and becoming increasingly flammable. This is especially the case in wetlands that have been drained in the 19th and 20th centuries. After the severe drought and widespread wildfires in Western Russia in 2010, which had penetrated desiccated organic terrain and caused severe damages of biodiversity and air quality, the Greenpeace Russia Fire Programme and the All-Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry (ARICEF) developed a manual with recommendations for fire management in peatlands. The first edition of the handbook was published 2015. An updated version was published in 2020:

Manual for the Control of Fire in Peatlands and Peatland Forest

This Manual for the Control of Fire in Peatland and Peatland Forest contains information on (1) fire control, (2) factors which support fire, (3) government policy on fire control, and (4) strategies and techniques for the control of land and forest fires in peatland areas. The information presented in this book, besides including a variety of concepts and practical measures for the prevention and suppression of fire already written/presented by others, also contains ideas and recent field experience of the writers in the handling of land and forest fires in peatland areas of Kalimantan and Sumatera. The writing of this book has been funded by CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency) through the CCFPI project (Climate Change, Forests and Peatlands in Indonesia), and is produced by Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme in cooperation with Wildlife Habitat Canada.

Reference: Adinugroho W.C., I Nyoman N. Suryadiputra, Bambang H. Saharjo, and Labueni Siboro. 2005. Manual for the Control of Fire in Peatlands and Peatland Forest. Climate Change, Forests and Peatlands in Indonesia Project. Wetlands International Indonesia Programme and Wildlife Habitat Canada. Bogor, Indonesia, 162 p. ISBN: 979-99373-7-X (Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme).

Manejo del Fuego (in Spanish, by Marcos Pedro Ramos Rodriguez, Universidad de Pinar del Rio, Cuba, 2010)

Este libro contiene informacion sobre: (1) Fuego y medio ambiente (2) Comportamiento del fuego (3) Proteccion contra incendios forestales (4) Evaluacion de los efectos provocados los incedios forestales, sumarizando de forma detallada las tecnicas y habilidades tanto para el manejo del fuego como para el combate de incendios forestales en general.

Guidelines and Manual of Procedures for Community-Based Fire Management (Ghana)

These guidelines have been produced in the frame of the ITTO-supported project “Fire-Management and Post-Fire Restoration with Local Community Collaboration in Ghana” (2005-2010) and call for wide application in West Africa and beyond:

Guidebook for Prescribed Burning in the U.S. Southern Region

Prescribed fire is a key tool for those who own or manage land in the Southeastern United States. It creates important habitat for game and nongame wildlife, clears out vegetation to reduce wildfire risk, connects people to their cultural heritage, and has many other important benefits. This guidebook will take you step-by-step through the processes involved in planning, preparing for and conducting a prescribed fire on lands in the Southern Region of the U.S.A. The peer-reviewed volume has been published by the University of Georgia in cooperation with Fort Valley State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and counties of the state.

Agricultural Fire Management Guidelines – Victoria, Australia 

All public and private landowners and managers in Victoria have legislated responsibilities regarding fire management. This document integrates the legal responsibilities arising from relevant fire management legislation with advice to help landowners and managers form an overall picture of what is needed to achieve fire safety on rural properties. 

Fire Monitoring Handbook – USDI National Park Service 

Fire is a powerful and enduring force that has had, and will continue to have, a profound influence on National Park Service (NPS) lands. Restoring and maintaining this natural process are both important management goals for many NPS areas. Therefore, information about the use and effects of prescribed fire on park resources is critical to sound, scientifically-based management decisions. Using results from a high quality monitoring pro-gram to evaluate your prescribed fire management program is the key to successful adaptive management. The handbook presents detailed instructions for fire monitoring in a variety of situations. The instructions are organized around the management strategies frequently used to meet specific objectives.

First FAO Handbook “Forest Fire Control” (1953)

This first published handbook on forest fire control, authored by S.B. Show and B. Clarke, refers to the “Principles of Forest Policy” expounded by the FAO in 1951: “Each country should (seek) to derive in perpetuity, for the greatest number of its people, the maximum benefits available from the protective, productive and accessory values of its forests. This implies…. that protection should be afforded against damage or destruction by man, or by such causes as fire, insects and tree diseases.” Included in a national forest policy, therefore, should be a definite expression of the official attitude towards protection of the forest domain from fire, and this in turn should be elaborated in an Act or Ordinance in the legislation of the country….. It should therefore be emphasized that the first task in attacking an admitted fire problem is the formulation of policy at the national level, and experience has shown that a definite statement of policy is desirable for the proper guidance and co-ordination of subsequent actions. This volume provided the thematic information:

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Feuer in Waldökosystemen der Tropen und Subtropen

 

Feuer in Waldökosystemen derTropen und Subtropen

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van Wilgen , B.W., C.S. Everson and W.S.W. Trollope 1990. Fire management in Southern Africa: Some examples of current objectives, practices, and problems. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 179-215. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

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Wade, D.D. 1983. Fire management in the Slash pine ecosystem. In: The managed Slash pine ecosystem, Symp. Proc., 203-227, 290-294. Univ. Florida, Sch. Nat. Res., Gainesville.

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Walstad, J.D., S.R. Radosevich and D.V. Sandberg (eds.) 1990. Natural and prescribed fire in Pacific Northwest forests. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 336 p.

Walter, H. und S.-W. Breckle 1984. Ökologie der Erde, Bd. II. Spezielle Ökologie der tropischen und subtropischen Zonen. Fischer, Stuttgart, 461 p.

Walter, H., E. Harnickel und D. Müller-Dombois 1975. Klimadiagramm-Karten der einzelnen Kontinente und ökologische Klimagliederung der Erde. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.

Walter, H. 1977. Vegetationszonen und Klima. Ulmer, Stuttgart, 309 p.

Wang, C.W. 1961. The forest of China with a survey of grassland and desert vegetation. Maria Moors Cabot Tound. Publ. 5, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, 313 p.

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Watters, R.F. 1971. Shifting Cultivation in Latin America. FAO For. Dev. Pap. 17, Rome.

Watters, R.F. 1960. The nature of shifting cultivation. Pacific Viewpoint 1, 59-99.

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Weidelt, H.J. and V.S. Banaag 1982. Aspects of management and silviculture of Philippine dipterocarp forests. Schriftenreihe der Dt. Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, No. 132, Eschborn. 302 p.

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Weinland, G. 1983. Unveröffentlichter interner Bericht der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ).

Weiss, K.F. 1990. Abschätzung der jährlichen Biomasseverbrennung und Kohlenstoffemissionen aus Wald- und Savannenbränden in den Tropen und Subtropen. Dipl. Arb. Forstzool. Inst. Univ. Freiburg, 88p.

Wells, C.G. et al. 1979. Effects of fire on soil. A state-of-knowledge review. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-7, 34 p.

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Wharton, C.H. 1966. Fire and wild cattle in North Cambodia. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 5, 23-65.

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Whitmore, T.C. 1962 b. Studies in systematic bark morphology. II. General features of bark construction in Dipterocarpaceae. New Phytol. 61, 208-220.

Whitmore, T.C. 1962 c. Why do trees have different sorts of bark? New Sci. 16, 330-331.

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International Association of Wildland Fire

IAWF Logo

The International Association of Wildland Fire (IAWF) is a non-profit, 501(c)(3) professional association committed to a non-partisan approach for uniting the global wildland fire community. We were formed in 1990 as a global professional membership association. For 30 years IAWF has grown from a fledging organization to the foremost global member-focused association spanning 26+ countries. The IAWF was formed to promote a better understanding of wildland fire and built on the belief that an understanding of this dynamic natural force is vital for natural resource management, protecting the health, safety and welfare of people including firefighters and the public, and for harmonious interactions between people and their environment. IAWF is dedicated to communicating with the entire wildland fire community and providing a global linkage for people with shared interest in wildland fire and all of the associated topics of this multifaceted community.

To accomplish these goals, we convene and create networks across sectors, fields and disciplines to connect the wildfire community through multiple platforms, through which we communicate and convene including conferences, our website, the premier academic journal in our field (International Journal of Wildland Fire), a popular-oriented magazine (Wildfire) and via social media outlets, such as Facebook, Twitter and Linked-In.

Wildfire Magazine
Wildfire magazine is the quarterly publication for members of the Association. This magazine reaches 2000 people in 81 countries:

International Journal of Wildland Fire
The International Journal of Wildland Fire is a quarterly scientific peer-reviewed magazine of the Association. Starting in 2000 the journal is published by CSIRO Publishing in both print and electronic formats:

IAWF website

For more information, please contact the IAWF at:

Mikel Robinson
Executive Director
International Association of Wildland Fire
1418 Washburn Street

Missoula, MT 59801
U.S.A.

Tel: +1-406-625-709
e-mail: execdir@iawfonline.org

GFMC/IAWF Archive
Here are some historic IAWF Newsletters:

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The DELFI Network Form

The DELFI Network

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U.S. Fire Information Systems and Software Products

fire.org
This site is designed for wildland fire professionals and students who require access to the latest software, documentation, and technical papers developed by Systems for Environmental Management and the USDA Forest Service, USDI National Park Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management for use by federal, state, and local fire management agencies. Fire.org is a cooperative effort by Systems for Environmental Management, Missoula, MT and the Fire Sciences Laboratory of the Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, MT.

The website links to the following products (State: 7 June 2006):

The website links to the following products (Status: 14 March 2020):

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Bibliography: Reconstruction of Fire History in the United Kingdom

Bibliography: 
Reconstruction of Fire History in the United Kingdom

The following bibliography has been published by Colin Legg, Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, The University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU, Scotland:

Edwards K.J., Wittington G., and Hirons K.R. (1995). The relationship between fire and long-term wet heath development in South Uist, Outer Hebrides, Scotland. In ‘Heaths and Moorland: Cultural Landscapes’, (eds. Thompson, D. B. A., Hester, A. J., & Usher, M. B.). HMSO, Edinburgh. pp. 240-248.
{Charcoal is associated with the presence of heathland pollen assemblages in the Outer Hebrides.}

Mackay A.W. & Tallis J.H. (1996). Summit-type blanket mire erosion in the forest of Bowland, Lancashire, UK: Predisposing factors and implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 76, 31-44.

Mighall T.M. & Chambers F.M. (1995). Holocene vegetation history and human impact at Bryn-y-Castell, Snowdonia, North Wales. New Phytologist 130, 299-321.

Rhodes A.N. (1998). Charcoal analysis of mor-humus soils: A palaeoecological assessment of the utility of moorland soils for the reconstruction of extended fire histories. In ‘Heaths and Moorlands: Cultural Landscapes’, (eds. Thompson, D. B. A., Hester, A. J., & Usher, M. B.). HMSO, Edinburgh.

Simmons I.G. & Innes J.B. (1987). Mid-Holocene adaptations and later mesolithic forest disturbance in northern England. J Archael. Sci. 14, 385-404.

Stevenson A.C. (1990). The cause of peat erosion: a palaeolimnological approach. New Phytologist 114, 727-735.
{Analysis of organic sediments in Galloway and Rannoch Moor lakes suggests erosion of blanket pear commenced 1500-1700 AD. Acidification and industrial pollution commenced 1790-1860, after the erosion. Possible causes are Little Ice Age and/or anthropogenic disturbance, e.g. severe burning. There is some evidence from charcoal that intense fires took place at almost the same time as the erosion was recorded in lake sediments. Evidence from carbon dating, and loss on ignition of sediments.}

Sydes, C. (1988). ‘Recent assessments of moorland losses in Scotland’, CSD Notes No. 43, NCC, Peterborough.
{Summary of losses of heather moorland 1940s to 1970s (as detailed in the National Countryside Monitoring Scheme) is just over 25% in Grampians and 10-20% elsewhere in Scotland with the exception of Dumfries and Galloway where losses have been even greater. Plantation forestry accounts for 50 % of loss; 25% to grasses characteristic of over grazing and bad burning management (notes increase in numbers of sheep despite decrease in area for grazing); 7% in Grampian to cultivation; 5% semi-improved grassland; 1% to bracken; 7% to scrub regeneration – some natural but some from adjacent plantations of non-native species and provenances.}

Tallis J.H. (1987). Fire and flood at Holme Moss: erosion processes in an upland blanket mire. Journal of Ecology 75, 1099-1129.
{Micro- and macrofossil analysis of several peat cores recording last 1200 yrs. Evidence of erosion for 4-500 yrs in several diistinct episodes. Current vegetation is result of erosion and intense grazing on an already eroded surface. The main peat gullies probably originated in 11th century following deforestation of the surrounding hill slopes. Well-defined flowlines developed on the mire surface and developed into drainage channels, but not incised until 8-9th century when Sphagnum regrew over most of the area. Drier part of moor was severely burnt at least once in 18th C – much peat may have been lost as a result of the fire and subsequent erosion. Freak cloudburst in 1777 may have caused extensive damage to margins of peat blanket and accentuated existing erosion features. Concludes that much of the erosion caused by exceptional natural or man-made events, and that analysis of current environmental stresses ‘offers few clues to the causes of peat erosion’. The present day pattern of erosion had already established by the time of the Industrial Revolution and was largely unaffected by the loss of Sphagnum. It is not clear if the surfaces would have been recolonised if Sphagnum werepresent.}

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Use of Fire in Nature Conservation

Flora

Bornkamm, R., 1960: Die Trespen-Halbtrockenrasen im oberen Leinegebiet. – Mitt. flor.-soz. Arbgeitsgem. N.F. 8.

Butin, H., Kappich, I., 1980: Untersuchungen zur Neubesiedlung von verbrannten Waldböden duch Pilze und Moose. – Forstw. Cbl. 99, 283-296.

Diemont, W.H., Jansen, J., Beije, H., 1997: Fire as a management tool in Dutch heathlands. – NNA-Berichte 10, (Im Druck).

Diemont, W.H., 1996: Survival of Dutch heathlands. DLO Institute for Forestry and Nature Research (IBN-DLO), Wageningen 1996, 78 p.

Ende, M. Van der, 1993: Heidemanagement in Schleswig-Holstein. – NNA-Berichte 6, 3, 53-62.

Fabricius, L., 1929: Forstliche Versuche. V. Die Einwirkungen von Waldbrandasche auf Samenkeimung und erste Pflanzenentwicklung. – Forstwiss. Cbl. 51, 269-276.

Fischer, R., 1993: Blütenpracht nach Waldbrand. – Nationalpark No. 1/1993, 22-27.

Flade, M., 1996: Überlegungen zu Brandheiden und ihren Biozönosen im Lichte aktueller naturschutzstrategischer Fragen im Land Brandenburg. – Natur und Kulturlandschaft 1, Höxter 1996, 149-152.

Grabherr, W., 1936: Die Dynamik der Brandflächenvegetation auf Kalk- und Dolomitböden des Karwendels. – Beih. Botan. Centralbl., Abt. B 55, 1-94.

Holst-Jørgensen, B., 1993: Erfahrungen beim Erhalt von Heideflächen im staatlichen Walddistrikt Ulfborg, Jütland. – NNA-Berichte 6, 3, 67-79.

Jahn, G., 1980: Die natürliche Wiederbesiedlung von Waldbrandflächen in der Lüneburger Heide mit Moosen und Gefäßpflanzen. – Forstw. Cbl. 99, 297-324.

Kappich, J., Butin, H., 1980: Untersuchungen zur Neubesiedlung von verbrannten Waldböden durch Pilze und Moose. – Forstwiss. Cbl. 99, 283-296.

Keel, A., Keller, H., 1977: Feuer in Halbtrockenwiesen und Brachgebieten. – Schweizer Naturschutz 45, 1, 6-7.

Lilienstern, M., 1929: Physiologische Untersuchung über die Ursachen des Vorkommen von Marchantia polymorpha auf Feuerstätten. – Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 47.

Lindemann, K.-O., 1993: Die Rolle von Deschampsia flexuosa in Calluna-Heiden Mitteleuropas. – NNA-Berichte 6, 3, 20-38.

Lütkepohl, M., 1993: Schutz und Erhaltung der Heide. Leitbilder und Methoden der Heidepflege im Wandel des 20. Jahrhunderts am Beispiel des Naturschutzgebietes Lüneburger Heide. – NNA-Berichte 6, 3, 10-19.

Mahn, E.G., 1966: Beobachtungen über die Vegetations- und Bodenentwicklung eines durch Brand gestörten Silikattrockenrasenstandortes. – Archiv für Naturschutz und Landschaftsforschung 6, 61-90.

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Meinecke, Th., 1927: Heidebrennen. – Der Deutsche Forstwirt 9, 95, 105-106.

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