Bibliography on the Use of Fire in Nature Conservation

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The GFMC has published a number of papers that were presented at a scientific workshop on fire ecology and fire management in nature conservation areas and in landscape management in Germany, hosted by the Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz, Schneverdingen, Germany, October 1996. This first scientific discussion after a break of nearly ten years brought together scientists and practitioners from heathlands, agriculture, pastoralism and forestry in Germany and neighbouring countries. The contributions cover the most important fire ecological and historical aspects of land-use fires in Central, Western and Northern Europe. The conclusions of most papers revealed that it was timely to reconsider traditional burning practices for restoring and/or maintaining those habitats and landscape types which are endangered by the lack of land-use disturbances, including fire, and the subsequent succession towards less species-rich ecosystems.

The bibliographic reference of the proceedings of the workshop (in German) is:

Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz (ed.) 1997. Feuereinsatz im Naturschutz. Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz, Schneverdingen. NNA-Berichte 10 (5), 181 p. <in German> (ISSN 09 35-1450).
The publication can be ordered via Internet:
http://nna.de/publikationen/b97-5-feueroekologie.htm

Several papers on the history and use of fire in nature conservation and landscape management in Central Europe are provided on the website of the European Fire in Nature Conservation Network. An extensive bibliography is given below:

1. General Literature (including German papers about fire ecology outside Europe)

2. Fire in the Historic Cultural Landscape and Fire History

3. Flora

4. Fauna

5. Soil and Climate

6. Forests (not including fire prevention and fire fighting)

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Feuer in Waldökosystemen derTropen und Subtropen

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Anonymus 1896. Provinciale Verordening van de Preanger-Regentschappen betreffende Maatregeln ter voorkoming van boschbranden (Provincial regulation of the Preanger Regencies concerning measures for the prevention of forest fires). Javasche Courant, 14. January 1896, No. 4, 2 p. (in Dutch)

Anonymus 1902. Verordering op het branden van alang-alang en andere aanplantingen op woeste granden in het rechtstreeks besstuurd gebied des Residentie Amboina (Regulation on burning of alang-alang and other plantations on waste lands in the area under the administration of the Residency Ambon). Javasche Courant, 1902, No. 8, p. 1. (in Dutch).

Anonymus 1904. Verstag van den Dienst van het Boschwezen in Nederlandsch-Indie over het jaar 1903. Deel I. algemeen verslag. (1903 annual report of the Forest Service in the Dutch East Indies. Part I. General Report.) Unpubl., 32 pp. (in Dutch).

Anonymus 1905a. Fire protection in Madras. Extract from Resolution Forest No. 76, dated 24th March 1905. Ind. For. 31, 584-594.

Anonymus 1905b. Eucalyptus screens as fire protection belts. Ind. For. 31, 297.

Anonymus 1905c. The prohibition of grass burning and its effect on the game of the country. Ind. For. 31, 301-306.

Anonymus 1906a. Verodering op het branden van alang-alang en andere beplantingen op woeste en bebouwde prarden in de afdeeling Grooth Atjeh) (Regulation on burning of alang-alang grass and other plantations on waste and cultivated lands in the division of Great Aceh). Javasche Courant, 9 March 1906, p. 1 (in Dutch).

Anonymus 1906b. Concerning Bongas and fire-protection. Ind. For. 32, 413-414.

Anonymus 1910. Conference of forest officers on fire-protection held at Poona on July 15th and 16th, 1909. Ind. For. 36, 562-566.

Anonymus 1922. Nota betreffende boschbranden. Vragenligst (betreffende boschbranden). (Report on forest fires. Questionnaire [on forest fires]). Tectona 15, 359-365 ( in dutch).

Anonymus 1926. De boschbranden en de droogte. (Forest fires and the drought.) Tectona 19, 90.

Anonymus 1984. Plan Quinquennal (1986-1990). Première Partie: Les Forêts et la Production Forestière. Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Eaux et Forêts, Direction des Eaux et Forêts. République de Côte d’Ivoire.

Aoki, M., K. Yabuki and H. Koyama 1978. Micrometeorology of Pasoh forest. Malay. Nat. J. 30, 149-160.

Arfandi, H. 1984. The effect of erosion, surface flows on the nitrogen disappearance after fire [in Indonesian]. Unpubl. S 1 Thesis, Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University, Samarinda.

Armitage, F.B. and J. Burley (eds.) 1980. Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Syn. P.khasya Royle; P.insularis Endlicher). Com. For. Inst., Trop. For. Pap. 9, Oxford.

Arno, S.F. and A.E. Wilson 1986. Dating past fires in Curlleaf Mountain-mahogany communities. J. Range Manage 39, 241-243.

Ashton, P.S. 1969. Speciation among tropical forest trees: some deductions in the light of recent evidence. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 1, 155-196.

Ashton, P.S. 1988. Dipterocarp biology as a window to the understanding of tropical forest structure. Ann. Rev. Ecol. System. 19, 347- 370

Ashton, P.S. 1989. Species richness in tropical forests. In: Tropical forests. Botanical dynamics, speciation and diversity (C.B.Holm-Nielsen, I.C.Nielsen and H.Balslev, eds.), 239-251. Academic Press, London, 380 p.

Athias, F., G.Josens and P.Lavelle 1975. Influence du feu de brousse annuel sur le peuplement endogé de la savane de Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire). In: Proc. 5th Int. Coll. Soil Zoology, 389-397, Prague, 1973.Auer, V. 1933. Verschiebungen der Wald- und Steppengebiete Feuerlands in postglazialer Zeit. Acta Geogr. 5 (2), Helsinki.

Auer, V. 1939. Der Kampf zwischen Wald und Steppe auf Feuerland. Petermanns Geogr. Mitt., Heft 6, 193-197.

Auer, V. 1958. The Pleistocene of Fuego-Patagonia. P.II. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser.A 3(50). Helsinki.

Australien Forestry Council 1984. The 1982/83 bushfires: implications for national cooperation and coordination based on direct State and Territory forest service experience. Standing Committee of Forestry Rep., 19 p.

Baader, E.J. 1989. Pityogenes spp. (Col., Scolytidae): Untersuchungen über verhaltenssteuernde Duftstoffe und deren Anwendung im Waldschutz. J. Appl. Ent. 107, 1-31.

Bappenas (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional) 1992. International Workshop on Long-Term Integrated Forest Fire Management in Indonesia, Bandung, 17-18 June 1992.Bappenas, Jakarta.

Barnola, J.-M., D. Raynaud, Y.S. Koroikevich and C. Lorius 1987. Vostok ice core provides 160,000-year record of atmospheric CO2. Nature 329, 408-414.

Barnola, J.M., P. Pimienta, D. Raynaud and Y.S. Korotkevich 1991. CO2-climate relationship as deduced from the Vostock ice core: a re-examination based on new measurements and on a re-evaluation of the air dating. Tellus 43 B, 83-90.

Barrington, A.H.M. 1931. Forest soil and vegetation in the Hlaing Forest Circle, Burma. Burma For. Bull. 25, Ecol. Ser. M., Govt. Printing and Stationary, Rangoon.

Bartlett, H.H. 1955 (1957, 1961). Fire in relation to primitive agriculture and grazing in the tropics: annotated bibliography. Vol. 1-3. Mimeo Publ. Univ. Mich. Bot. Gardens, Ann. Arbor.

Batchelder, R.B. and H.F. Hiri 1966. Fire in tropical forests and grasslands. US Army Natick Lab. Tech. Rep. 67-41-ES. 380p.

Batchelder, R.B. 1967. Spatial and temporal patterns of fire in the tropical world. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 6, 171-190. Tallahassee, Florida.

Berkhout, A.M. 1886. Branden in djatie-bosschen. In: Houtsprokkelingen. (Burning in teak forests. In: Wood pickings.) Tijdschr. Nijverheid & Landbouw in Nederl. Indie 32, 196-197 (in Dutch).

Berlage, H.P. 1957. Fluctuations in the general atmospheric circulation of more than one year, their nature and prognostic value. K. Ned. Meteor. Inst. Meded. Verh. 69, 152 pp.

Betancourt, J.L. and T.R. van Devender 1981. Holocene vegetation in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Science 214, 656-658.

Beumée, J.G.B. 1919 a. Over bastverwondingen aan den djati. (On bark injuries to teak). Meded. Proefstat. Boschwez. 4, 31-54.

Beumée, J.G.B. 1919 b. De korte flora der djati-bosschen. (The low flora of the teak forests.) Tectona 12, 146-205.

Beven, S., E.F. Connor and K. Beven 1984. Avian biogeography in the Amazon basin and the biological model of diversification. J. Biogeogr. 11, 383-399.

Bhote, A.D. 1954. Forest fires. Letters to the Editor. Ind. For. 80, 117.

Bjerknes, J. 1969. Atmospheric teleconnections from the Equatorial Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev. 97, 163-172.

Blasco, F. 1983. The transition from open forest to savanna in continental Southeast Asia. In: Tropical savannas (F. Bourlière, ed.), 167-181. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 730 p.

BML (Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten) 1990. Der Treibhauseffekt. Gegenmaßnahmen und Anpassungsstrategien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wälder der gemäßigten Zonen. BML Schriftenreihe Angew.Wiss. H.387. Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster-Hiltrup, 71 p.

Bock, C. 1881. The head-hunters of Borneo: a narrative of travel up the Mahakam and down the Barito; also journeyings in Sumatra. First published by Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, London (1881)- Reprint 1985. Singapore Oxford University Press, Oxford-New York, XIII+344 p.Boer, CH. 1984. Study on the degree of damage due to forest fire in Long Nah, S. Kelinjan, and S. Separi, East Kalimantan (in Indonesian). Unpubl. S 1 Thesis IPB Bajor, 194 p.

Boer, CH., P. Matius and M. Sutisna 1988a. Suksesi setelah kebakaran hutan primer di hutan pendidikan. Lempake, Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur. Report, Fakultas Kehutanan, University of Mulawarman, 41 p.

Boer, CH., P. Matius and M. Sutisna 1988 b. Succession after fire in the Lempake primary forest near Samarinda, East Kalimantan. GFG-Report 11, 27-34.

Bolin, B., B. Döös, J. Jäger and R.A. Warrick (eds.) 1986. The greenhouse effect, climatic change and ecosystems. SCOPE 29, Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 539 p.

Boomgard, P. 1992. Forest management and exploitation on colonial Java, 1677-1897. Forest & Conservation History 36, 4-14.

Booysen, P.de V. and N.M. Tainton (eds.) 1984. Ecological effects of fire in South African ecosystems. Ecological Studies 48, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 426 p.

Botkin, D.B. 1989. Science and the global environment. In: Changing the global environment (D.B.Botkin, M.F.Caswell, J.E.Estes and A.A.Orio, eds.), 3-14. Academic Press, San Diego, 459 p.

Bourliere, F. and M. Hadley 1983. Present-day savannas: an overview. In: Tropical savannas (F. Boulière, ed.), 1-18. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 730 p.

Bourliere, F. (ed.) 1983. Tropical savannas. Ecosystems of the world 13.Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co., Amsterdam,730p.

Brain, C.K. and A. Sillen 1988. Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire. Nature 336, 464-466.

Brandis, D. 1879 a. Suggestions regarding the management of the forests included in the Forest School Circle, North-Western Provinces. Dat. Camp. Jorehant, Assam. Datiert 20.3.1879. Govt. Centr. Branch Press, Simla, III + 41 p. + App.

Brandis, D. 1879 b. The utilization of less valuable woods in the fire protected forests of the Central Provinces, by iron-making. Ind. For. 5, 222-225.

Brandis, D. 1881. Suggestions regarding the management of leased forests of Busáhir in the Sutlej Valley of Punjab. Datiert 1.10.1881. Govt. Centr. Branch Press, Simla, I + 26 p.

Brandis, D. 1884. Ueber Brandwirtschaft in den Bergen Ostindiens, namentlich in Burma. Allg. Forst- u. J. Ztg. 60, 377-386.

Brandis, D., 1896. Die Familie der Dipterocarpaceen und ihre geographische Verbreitung. Sitzungsber. Niederrheinische Ges. Natur- u. Heilkunde I., Teil A, 4-42. Bonn.

Brinkmann, W.K.F. and A.N. Vieirra 1971. The effect of burning on germination of seeds at different soil depths of various tropical tree species. Turrialba 21, 77-82.

Brinkmann, W.K.F. and J.C. de Nascimento 1973. The effect of slash and burn on the germination of seeds at different soil depths of various tropical tree species. Turrialba 23, 284-290.

Brookman-Amissah, J., J.B. Hall, M.D. Swaine and J.Y. Attakoram 1980. A re-assessment of a fire protection experiment in northeastern Ghana savanna. J. Appl. Ecol. 17, 85-99.Brooks, R.H. 1971. Human response to recurrent drought in north-eastern Brazil. Prof. Geogr. 23, 40-44.

Broun, A.F. 1886. Reports on the effects of fire-conservancy on the Raus of the Saharanpur Division. Ind. For. 12, 418-421.

Brown, A.A. and K.P. Davis 1973. Forest Fire. Control and use. McGraw Hill, New York, 686 p.

Brown, S. and A.E. Lugo 1984. Biomass of tropical forests: A new estimate based on volumes. Science 223, 1290-1293.

Brown, S., A.E. Lugo and J. Chapman 1986. Biomass of tropical tree plantations and its implications for the global carbon budget. Can. J. For. Res. 16, 390-394.

Brown, S. and A.E. Lugo 1990. Tropical secondary forests. J. Trop. Ecol. 6, 1-32.

Brünig, E.F. 1964. A study of damage attributed to lightning in two areas of Shorea albida forest in Sarawak. Comm. For. Rev. 43, 134-144.

Brünig, E.F. 1969. On the seasonality of droughts in the lowlands of Sarawak (Borneo). Erdkunde 23 (2), 127-133.

Brünig, E.F. 1971. On the ecological significance of drought in the equatorial wet evergreen (rain) forest of Sarawak (Borneo). Transact. First Aberdeen-Hull Symp. on Malesian Ecology, 1970. Univ. Hull. Dept. Geogr., Misc. Ser. 11, 66-97.

Brünig, E.F. and Y-W. Huang 1989. Patterns to tree species diversity and canopy structure and dynamics in humid tropical evergreen forests on Borneo and in China. In: Tropical forests. Botanical dynamics, speciation and diversity (C.B. Holm-Nielsen, I.C. Nielsen and H. Balslev, eds.), 75-88. Academic Press, London, 380 p.

Bryant, F.B. 1907. Fire conservancy in Burma. Ind. For. 33, 537-549.

Budowski, G. 1956. Tropical savannas, a sequence of forest felling and repeated burnings. Turrialba 6, 22-33.

Budowski, G. 1966. Fire in tropical American lowland areas. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 5, 5-27. Tallahassee, Florida.

Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft 1973. Weltforstatlas. Paul Parey-Verlag, Hamburg.

Burgan, R.E. and R.C.Rothermel 1984. BEHAVE: Fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system. FUEL subsystem. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-167, 126 p.

Burger, D. 1941. Wie sticht boschbranden? In de tropen altijd de mensch. (Who causes forest fires? In the tropics, alway man. And often because of poverty.) Het Bosch 8, 382-385 (in Dutch).

Burgers, P.F. 1970. An approach towards a silvicultural system for the hill forests of the Malay Peninsula. Malay. Forester 33, 126-134.

Burgess, P.F. 1975. Silviculture in the hill forests of the Malay Peninsula. Malay. For. Dep. Res. Pamph. 66

Burschel, P., C. Gallegos, O.Martinez y W. Moll 1976. Composición y dinamica de un bosque virgen mixto de raulí y coigue. Bosque (Valdivia, Chile) 1, 55-74.

Burschel, P. und M. Weber 1990. Wald und Treibhauseffekt. Wird die Rolle von Forst- und Holzwirtschaft unterschätzt ? In: Treibhauseffekt und Wald, 16-45. Schriftenreihe Stiftung Wald in Not, Bd.5, Bonn, 48 p.

Busse, W. 1908. Die periodischen Grasbrände im tropischen Afrika, ihr Einfluß auf die Vegetation und ihre Bedeutung für die Landeskultur. Mitt. Dtsch. Schutzgebiete 21, 113-139.

Byram, G.M. 1959. Combustion of forest fuels. In: Forest fire: control and use (K.P. Davis, ed.) p. 61-89. McGraw Hill, New York.

Caleda, A.A. and V.P. Veracion 1963. Destructive insect pests of Benguet pine (Pinus insularis Endl.). Forestry Leaves 14 (1), 19-20.

California Department of Forestry 1990. Bibliography and directory of remote sensing of wildland fires. Cal. Dept. For. and Fire Protection, Sacramento, CA, in coop. with Fire Res. Inst., Roslyn, WA, 124 p.

Champion, H.G. 1919. Observations on some effects of fires in the Chir (Pinus longifolia) forests of the West Almora Division. Indian Forester 55, 353-364.

Champion, H.G. and F.C. Osmaston (eds.) 1962. E.P. Stebbing’s “The Forests of India”, Vol. IV, being the history from 1925 to 1947 of the forests now in Burma, India and Pakistan. Oxford Univ. Press, London, 485 p.

Chandler, C., P. Cheney, P. Thomas, L. Trabaud and D. Williams 1983. Fire in forestry. Vol. I and II. John Wiley, New York, 450 and 298 p.

Chandra, K. 1931. Artificial regeneration of fire burnt areas with Deodar in the forests of the Western Himalayas. Ind. For. 57, 118-120.

Chaturvedi, O.P. 1983. Biomass structure, productivity and nutrient cycling in Pinus roxburgii forest. Ph. D. Thesis. Kumaun University, Nainital (India).

Chen, C.G. 1987. Standörtliche, vegetationskundliche und waldbauliche Analyse chinesischer Gebirgsnadelwälder und Anwendung alpiner Gebirgswaldbaumethoden im chinesischen fichtenreichen Gebirgsnadelwald. PhD Diss. Univ. Wien, VWGÖ, Wien, 316 p.

Chheiri, D.B. 1986. Letter to J.G. Goldammer, dated 21 July 1987, on forest fires in Bhutan. Royal Gov. Bhutan, Ministry Agriculture and Forests, Department of Forestry.

Christensen, H.L. and C.H. Muller 1975. Effects of fire on factors controlling plant growth in Adenostoma ahaparral. Ecol. Monogr. 45, 29-55.

Cicerone, R.J. and R.S. Oremland 1988. Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2, 299-327.

Clark, J.S. and J.Robinson 1992. Paleoecology of fire. In: Fire in the environment: Its ecological, climatic and atmospheric chemical importance (P.J.Crutzen and J.G. Goldammer, eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester

Clements, F.G. 1916. Plant succession. Carnegie Institute Publ. 242, Washingotn 512 p.

Clifford, M.H. 1886. Reports on the effects of fire-conservancy on the Rans of the Saharanpur Division. Ind. For. 12, 421-422.

CLIMAP Project Members 1976. The surface of the ice-age earth. Science 191, 1131-1137.

Cockburn, P.F. 1974. The origin of the Sook Plain. Malayan Forester 37, 61-63.

Cole, M.M. 1986. The savannas. Biogeography and geobotany. Academic Press, London, 438p.

Colinvaux, P.A. 1989. The past and future Amazon. Sci. Am. 260 (5), 102-108.

Colinvaux, P.A., M.C. Miller, K.B. Liu, M. Steinitz-Kannan and I. Frost 1985. Discovery of permanent Amazon lakes and hydraulic disturbance in the upper Amazon Basin. Nature 313, 42-45.

Conell, J.H. and E. Orias 1964. The ecological regulation of species diversity. Am. Naturalist 98, 299-414.

Conklin, H.C. 1957. Shifting cultivation and succession to grassland climax. Proc. Ninth Pacific Sci. Congr. Vol. 7, 60-62.

Connell, J.H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199, 1302-1310.

Connor, E.F. 1986. The role of Pleistocene forest refugia in the evolution and biogeography of tropical biotas. Tree 1 (6), 165-168.

Conrad, A. 1925. Das Bodenfeuer als Freund des Forstmannes. Forstl. Wochenschrift Silva 13, 139-141.Cooling, E.N.G. 1968. Pinus merkusii. Fast growing timber trees of the lowland tropics, No. 4. Com. For. Inst., Oxford.

Cook, L. 1939. A contribution to our information on grass burning. S. Afr. J. Sci. 36, 270-282.

Coutinho, L.M. 1990. Fire in the ecology of the Brazilian Cerrado. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 82-105. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Costales, E.G. jr. 1980. Some effects of forest fire on the hydrologic and soil properties of Benguet Pine watershed. MS thesis, Univ. Philippines, Los Banos College, Laguna.

Coster, C. 1932. Eenige waarnemingen omtreut groei en bestrijding van alang-alang [Imperata cylindrica] (Some observations on the growth of Imperata cylindrica and its extermination). Tectona 25, 382-402 (Nl/engl).

Craighead, F.C. 1927. Abnormalities in annual rings resulting from fires. J. For. 25, 840-842.

Critchfield, W.B. and E.L. Little 1966. Geographic distribution of the pines of the world. USDA For. Serv. Misc. Publ 991, Washington, D.C., 97 p.

Crutzen, P.J. 1976. The possible role of COS for the sulfate layer of the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 14, 1263-1278.

Crutzen, P.J. 1987. The role of the tropics in atmospheric chemistry. In: The geophysiology of Amazonia (R.E. Dickinson, ed.), 107-130. John Wiley, New York.

Crutzen, P.J. 1988. Tropospheric ozone: An overview. In: Tropospheric ozone (I.S.A. Isaaksen, ed.), 3-32. Reidel, Dordrecht.

Crutzen, P.J., L.E. Heidt, J.P. Krasnec, W.H. Pollock and W. Seiler 1979. Biomass buring as a source of atmospheric gases CO, H2, N2O, NO, CH3Cl and COS. Nature 282, 253-256.

Crutzen, P.J. and M.O. Andreae 1990. Biomass burning in the tropics: Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 250, 1669-1678.

Crutzen, P.J., W.M. Hao, M.H. Liu, J.M. Lobert and D. Scharffe 1990. Emissions of CO2 and other trace gases to the atmosphere from fires in the tropics. Proc. 28th Liège Int. Astrophys. Colloqu. (in press)

Crutzen, P.J. and J.G. Goldammer (eds.) 1992. Fire in the environment: Its ecological, climatic and atmospheric chemical importance. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (in press).

Cruz, R.E. Dela 1986. Constraints and strategies for the regeneration of Imperata grasslands. BIOTROP Spec. Publ. 25, 23-34. Bogor, Indonesia.

Cumming, D.H.M. 1982. The influence of large herbivores on savanna structure in Africa. In: Ecology of tropical savannas (B. J. Huntley and B. H. Walker, eds.), 217-245. Springer, Berlin, 669 p.Curtis, J.T. and G. Cottam, 1964. Plant ecology work book. Laboratory, field and reference manual. Burges Publ. Comp., Minneapolis.

Danckelmann, v. 1884. Mémoire sur les observations météorologiques faites a Vivi (Congo inférieur). Asher & Co., Berlin.

Davis, K.M., B. D. Clayton and W.C. Fischer 1980. Fire ecology of Lolo National Forest habitat types. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-79, 77 p.

Davis, K.M. and R.W. Mutch 1989. The fires of the Greater Yellowstone Area: The saga of a long hot summer. Western Wildlands 15 (2), 2-9.

De Bano, L.F., L.D. Mann and D.A. Hamilton 1970. Translocation of hydrophobic substances into soil by burning organic litter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 34, 130-133.

De Bruin, H.W. 1976. From fire control to fire management, a major policy change in the Forest Service. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 14, 11-17. Tall Timbers Res. Sta., Tallahassee, Florida.

Dechamps, R. 1984. Evidence of bush fires during the Plio-Pleistocene in Africa (Omo and Sahabi) with the aid of fossil woods. Palaeoecology of Africa Vol. 16, 291-294.DENR (Forest Management Bureau, The Philippines) 1988. Natural forest resources of the Philippines. Philippines-German Forest Resources Inventory Project. Summary Report. Manila.

Deogan, P.N. 1931. Artifical regeneration of 1921 burnt areas as the Western Himalayas. Ind. For. 57, 568-570.

de Ronde, C. 1980. Controlled burning under pines – a preliminary fuel classification system for plantations in the Cape. S. Afr. For. J. 113, 84-86.

de Ronde, C. 1982. The resistance of Pinus species to fire damage. S. Afr. For. J. 122, 22-27.

de Ronde, C. 1983. Controlled burning in pine stands in the Cape: the influence of crown scorch on tree growth and litterfall. S. Afr. For. J. 127, 39-41.

de Ronde, C., J.G. Goldammer, D.D. Wade and R.V. Soares 1990. Prescribed fire in industrial pine plantations. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 216-272. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Deshler, W. 1974. An examination of the extent of fire in the grassland and savanna of Africa along the southern side of the Sahara. Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Remote Sensing of the Environment, held 15-19 April 1974, Vol. I, 23-30. Environ. Res. Inst. Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Detwiler, R.P. and C.A.S. HALL 1988. Tropical Forests and the global carbon cycle. Science 239, 42-47.

Detwiler, R.P., C.A.S. Hall and P. Bogdonoff 1985. Land use change and carbon exchange in the tropics. II. Estimates for the entire region. Environ. Manage. 9, 335-344.

Deutscher Bundestag 1990. Schutz der tropischen Wälder. Zweiter Bericht der Enquête-Kommission d. 11. Dt. Bundestages “Vorsorge zum Schutz der Erdatmosphäre”. Deutscher Bundestag, Referat Öffentlichkeitsarbiet, 983 p.

Deventer, A.J. van 1913. Gemengde djatiboschen [Toelichting en discussive] (Mixed teak forests [Explanation and discussion]). Tectona 6, 481-504 (in Dutch).

Di, X.Y. and E. Ju 1990. The forest conflagration of May 1987 in Northeastern China. In: Fire in Ecosystem dynamics. Mediterranean and northern perspectives (J.G. Goldammer and M.J. Jenkins, eds.), 169-174. SPB Academic Publ., The Hague, 199 p.

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Selected GFMC Landscape Fire Bibliographies

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In addition to the established commercial and non-commercial bibliographies the GFMC provides several lists of literature on fire and related disciplines and studies. These lists are taken from monographs and other publications prepared by the Fire Ecology Research Group over the last years.

Fire Ecology of the Tropics and Subtropics
A major fire literature source is found in the bibliography annex of the monograph cited below. The book volume is an in-depth analysis of fire in the prehistory, history and modern cultural and natural environment in the tropics and subtropics. It includes an analysis of the global atmospheric and climatic role of fire.
Goldammer, J.G. 1993. Feuer in Waldökosystemen der Tropen und Subtropen. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel-Boston, 251 p. <in German>

Fire Ecology of Boreal Eurasia
One of the results of the first international fire science conference in the Russian Federation was the publication of a monograph on fire in boreal Eurasia, including some selected contributions on boreal North America. The literature cited in the monograph contains numerous publications which in many cases are not easily accessible. To facilitate literature search the bibliographical sources are provided by topic (chapter).
Goldammer, J.G. and V.V.Furyaev. 1996. Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 390 p.

Fire Ecology of Central Europe
An extensive literature research on fire ecology in Central Europe is provided in a German review article by:
Goldammer, J.G. und H.Page. 1997. Bibliographie: Feuerökologie in Mitteleuropa. Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz, Schneverdingen, NNA-Berichte 10, Heft 5, 175-181.

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