Bibliography: Fire Ecology in Central Europe
literatureBibliography on the Use of Fire in Nature Conservation
The GFMC has published a number of papers that were presented at a scientific workshop on fire ecology and fire management in nature conservation areas and in landscape management in Germany, hosted by the Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz, Schneverdingen, Germany, October 1996. This first scientific discussion after a break of nearly ten years brought together scientists and practitioners from heathlands, agriculture, pastoralism and forestry in Germany and neighbouring countries. The contributions cover the most important fire ecological and historical aspects of land-use fires in Central, Western and Northern Europe. The conclusions of most papers revealed that it was timely to reconsider traditional burning practices for restoring and/or maintaining those habitats and landscape types which are endangered by the lack of land-use disturbances, including fire, and the subsequent succession towards less species-rich ecosystems.
The bibliographic reference of the proceedings of the workshop (in German) is:
Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz (ed.) 1997. Feuereinsatz im Naturschutz. Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz, Schneverdingen. NNA-Berichte 10 (5), 181 p. <in German> (ISSN 09 35-1450).
Several papers on the history and use of fire in nature conservation and landscape management in Central Europe are provided on the website of the European Fire in Nature Conservation Network. An extensive bibliography is given below:
1. General Literature (including German papers about fire ecology outside Europe)
2. Fire in the Historic Cultural Landscape and Fire History
6. Forests (not including fire prevention and fire fighting)
GFMC Fire Management Guidelines
literatureFire Management Guidelines and Handbooks
Prepared by GFMC and Partners
These Fire Management Guidelines and Handbooks have been prepared or published by the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) and its partners:
Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa
This GFMC publication has been prepared by a consortium of 43 contributing authors. Hard copies of the 432-page volume are available for a subsidized price for the African market.
Reference: Goldammer, J.G., and C. de Ronde (eds.). 2004. Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa. Global Fire Monitoring Center and Oneworldbooks, Freiburg – Cape Town, 432 p. (ISBN 1- 919833-65-X).
Book orders:
Book flyer: Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Subsahara Africa (PDF, 200 KB)
Order form: Fax-Order Form (PDF, 120 KB)
Medium-resolution digital version (PDF, 11 MB)
Guidelines on Safe Fire Management on Contaminated Terrain
In 2014 the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) commissioned the report Best Practices and Recommendations for Wildfire Suppression in Contaminated Areas, with Focus on Radioactive Terrain (Goldammer, J.G., Kashparov, V., Zibtsev, S., Robinson, S., Freiburg-Basel-Kyiv, 53. p.)
- English Version (PDF, 3.1 MB)
- Russian Version (PDF, 3.8 MB)
Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events
At three major planning meetings, the GFMC supported the WHO to prepare guidelines together with a volume with background papers and a teacher’s guide. The volumes aim at contributing to prevent and manage disasters caused by smoke from vegetation fires and to mitigate their effects on human health:
References: Schwela, D.H., J.G. Goldammer, L.H. Morawska, and O. Simpson. 1999. Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events. Guideline document. Published on behalf of UNEP, WHO, and WMO. Institute of Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore. Double Six Press, Singapore, 291 p.
Goh, K.T., D.H. Schwela, J.G. Goldammer, and O. Simpson. 1999. Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events. Background Papers. Published on behalf of UNEP, WHO, and WMO. Institute of Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore. Namic Printers, Singapore, 498 p.
Schwela, D.H., L.H. Morawska, and Abu Bakar bin Jafar. 1999. Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events. Teachers’ Guide. Published on behalf of UNEP, WHO, and WMO. Institute of Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore. Double Six Press, Singapore, 114 p.
Online Publication: https://gfmc.online/programmes/un/who/who.html
ITTO Guidelines on Fire Management in Tropical Forests
The sixth publication in the ITTO Policy Development Series aims to provide practical assistance to member countries as they address issues and develop fire management principles to ensure the protection and sustainable management of tropical forests. The guidelines were drafted under the leadership of the GFMC in 1994 and finalized by a group of experts in 1996.
Reference: International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). 1997. ITTO Guidelines on Fire Management in Tropical Forests. ITTO Policy Development Series No.6. ITTO, Yokohama, 40 p.
Online Publication: https://gfmc.online/programmes/itto/itto.htm
GFMC Guidelines on Fire Management in Tropical Forests
Beginning in the 1980s the GFMC has developed the first training handbooks for Forestry colleges in Brazil and Burma (Myanmar). These handbooks have a historic significance and relied on own and other internationally available illustrations. The overview paper “Fire management in tropical forests” was developed for students in Indonesia and based on the fire management chapter in the 1993 and 2016 issues of the “Tropical forestry handbook” (Goldammer, J.G. 2016. Fire management in tropical forests. In: The tropical forestry handbook [L. Pancel and M. Koehl, eds.], Second Edition, Vol. 3, 2659-2710. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg. ISBN 9783-642-54600-6).
- Goldammer, J.G. 1982. Incêndios florestais. Prevençào, controle e uso do fogo. Destaque especial para os reflorestamentos de Pinus spp. Colégio Florestal Irati, 93 p. (GTZ) (PDF, 3.0 MB).
- Goldammer, J.G. 1986. Technical and Vocational Forestry and Forest Industries Training, Burma. Introduction to Forest Fire Management. FAO Rome, 159 p. FO: DP/BUR/81/001, Field Document No. 6 (PDF, 17.0 MB).
- Goldammer, J.G. 2018. Fire management in tropical forests. An Introduction for Students of Forest Sciences of the Regional Fire Management Resource Center –South East Asia (RFMRC-SEA) at Bogor Agricultural University. Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC).
Guidelines on Fire Management in Temperate and Boreal Forests
This FAO Guidelines document was developed under the aegis of GFMC in 2002. The guidelines are considered to be open for discussion and additional inputs that may be included successively.
Online publication: http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/009/ag041e/ag041e00.pdf
Alternatively, on the GFMC repository:
Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines
The UN Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines outline the Principles and Strategic Actions necessary for policy, planning and senior management decision makers to achieve more integrated and cross-sectoral approaches to fire management. The guidelines have been developed in response to the outcomes of the FAO Ministerial Meeting on Forests and the 17th Session of the FAO Committee on Forestry, March 2005 (Rome, Italy 2005), which called upon FAO, in collaboration with countries and other international partners, including the UNISDR, to develop a Strategy to Enhance International Cooperation in Fire Management, that advanced knowledge, increased access to information and resources and explored new approaches to cooperation at all levels. GFMC contributed with inputs from the UNISDR Global Wildland Fire Network.
Online publication: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/j9255e/j9255e00.htm
Alternatively on the GFMC repository:
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Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines (English Version, PDF, 0.3 MB)
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Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines (French Version, PDF,0.4 MB)
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Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines (Spanish Version, PDF, 0.4 MB)
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Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines (Russian Version, PDF, 0.5 MB)
- Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines (Version for use in FYROM, PDF, 0.7 MB)
Landscape Fire Governance Framework 2023: Guiding Principles for Adjusting Strategies, Policies, and Management to Global Change
In preparation of the 8th International Wildland Fire Conference (Porto, Portugal, May 2023) a team of landscape fire experts developed a paper, which provides background, rationale and guiding principles for improving landscape fire governance. The initial paper “The International Landscape Fire Management Framework: Guiding Principles for Adjusting Policies and Governance to Global Change” was later entitled:
- Landscape Fire Governance Framework 2023: Guiding Principles for Adjusting Strategies, Policies, and Management to Global Change (English) (PDF)
- Landscape Fire Governance Framework 2023: Guiding Principles for Adjusting Strategies, Policies, and Management to Global Change (Portuguese) (PDF)
- Landscape Fire Governance Framework 2023: Guiding Principles for Adjusting Strategies, Policies, and Management to Global Change (French) (PDF)
Handbook on Forest Fire Control: A Guide for Trainer
The Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) has supported the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines for Fire Management by financing the review of the “Handbook on Forest Fire Control, A Guide for Trainers” to incorporate the more holistic approaches. The “Handbook on Wildland Fire Management for Trainers” will target field trainers/instructors, and thus complement the other recent Wildland Fire Management Handbooks; for Sub-Sahara Africa (2004), for North-East Asia (2006) in Russian, produced by the UNISDR and the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). This handbook production was supported by GFMC.
Reference: Heikkila, T.V., R. Gronqvist, and M. Jurvélius. 2007. Wildland Fire Management: Handbook for Trainers. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Development Policy Information Unit. Helsinki, Finland, 236 p. (ISBN-13: 978-951-724-581-4)
- Online publication: Wildland Fire Management: Handbook for Trainers (PDF, 12 MB)
In 2013, an updated version of the handbook was published in Russian with the editorial support by Andrey M. Eritsov (Aerial Fire Center of Russia Avialesookhrana):
Reference: Heikkilä, T., R. Grönqvist, M. Jurvélius and J.G. Goldammer. 2013. Handbook on Forest Fire Control (in Russian). Pushkino, Helsinki and Freiburg, 269 p.
- Online publication: Handbook on Forest Fire Control (in Russian) (PDF, 14.5 MB)
Defense of Villages, Farms and Other Rural Assets against Wildfires: Guidelines for Rural Populations, Local Communities and Municipality Leaders in the Balkan Region
In many regions globally rural settlements (villages, towns, scattered farmsteads) and other rural assets (agricultural fields / crops, infrastructures and other values at risk) are increasingly endangered by wildfires. This trend is driven by the consequences of land-use change, regional climate change and particularly by the rural exodus, which has resulted in the weakening of rural workforce and self-protection ability and increasing wildfire hazard on abandoned lands. In order to enhance the capabilities of local rural communities to defend themselves against wildfires a set of guidelines was developed for the Balkans as a pilot region, designed to be adapted to the conditions of other regions and countries as deemed appropriate:
Russian Handbooks Published by Greenpeace of Russia and the Aerial Forest Fire Center of Russia Avialesookhrana
The following two publications have been prepared after the 2010 fire season. The first publication by Greenpeace includes recommendations for organizing volunteer fire brigades, how to use and observe regulations, and information on fire centers and other services.
- Greenpeace Russia Handbook for Fire Management in Peatlands (2020) (Russian) (PDF, 30 MB)
- Greenpeace Russia Handbook for Fire Management in Peatlands (2020) (English version, published in 2022) (PDF, 30 MB)
Another Handbook for Volunteers Fire Brigades has been developed jointly by Greenpeace of Russia and the Aerial Forest Fire Center Avialesookhrana of the Federal Forestry Agency of Russia. This handbook consists of information about forest fires, rules, and regulations, firefighting tactics and methods, equipment, firefighter safety, etc. A special chapter is on first medical care.
- Greenpeace and Avialesookhrana Handbook for Voluntary Fire Brigades in Russia (Second edition 2014, PDF, 4.0 MB)
With accelerating land-use change and climate change in temperate-boreal Eurasia the properties of organic terrain, which has accumulated in wetlands (moors, mires, and peat and turf lands), are gradually changing and becoming increasingly flammable. This is especially the case in wetlands that have been drained in the 19th and 20th centuries. After the severe drought and widespread wildfires in Western Russia in 2010, which had penetrated desiccated organic terrain and caused severe damages of biodiversity and air quality, the Greenpeace Russia Fire Programme and the All-Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry (ARICEF) developed a manual with recommendations for fire management in peatlands. The first edition of the handbook was published 2015. An updated version was published in 2020:
Manual for the Control of Fire in Peatlands and Peatland Forest
This Manual for the Control of Fire in Peatland and Peatland Forest contains information on (1) fire control, (2) factors which support fire, (3) government policy on fire control, and (4) strategies and techniques for the control of land and forest fires in peatland areas. The information presented in this book, besides including a variety of concepts and practical measures for the prevention and suppression of fire already written/presented by others, also contains ideas and recent field experience of the writers in the handling of land and forest fires in peatland areas of Kalimantan and Sumatera. The writing of this book has been funded by CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency) through the CCFPI project (Climate Change, Forests and Peatlands in Indonesia), and is produced by Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme in cooperation with Wildlife Habitat Canada.
Reference: Adinugroho W.C., I Nyoman N. Suryadiputra, Bambang H. Saharjo, and Labueni Siboro. 2005. Manual for the Control of Fire in Peatlands and Peatland Forest. Climate Change, Forests and Peatlands in Indonesia Project. Wetlands International Indonesia Programme and Wildlife Habitat Canada. Bogor, Indonesia, 162 p. ISBN: 979-99373-7-X (Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme).
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Online publication: Manual for the Control of Fire in Peatlands and Peatland Forest (PDF, 1.7 MB)
Manejo del Fuego (in Spanish, by Marcos Pedro Ramos Rodriguez, Universidad de Pinar del Rio, Cuba, 2010)
Este libro contiene informacion sobre: (1) Fuego y medio ambiente (2) Comportamiento del fuego (3) Proteccion contra incendios forestales (4) Evaluacion de los efectos provocados los incedios forestales, sumarizando de forma detallada las tecnicas y habilidades tanto para el manejo del fuego como para el combate de incendios forestales en general.
Guidelines and Manual of Procedures for Community-Based Fire Management (Ghana)
These guidelines have been produced in the frame of the ITTO-supported project “Fire-Management and Post-Fire Restoration with Local Community Collaboration in Ghana” (2005-2010) and call for wide application in West Africa and beyond:
International Association of Wildland Fire
literatureThe International Association of Wildland Fire (IAWF) is a non-profit, 501(c)(3) professional association committed to a non-partisan approach for uniting the global wildland fire community. We were formed in 1990 as a global professional membership association. For 30 years IAWF has grown from a fledging organization to the foremost global member-focused association spanning 26+ countries. The IAWF was formed to promote a better understanding of wildland fire and built on the belief that an understanding of this dynamic natural force is vital for natural resource management, protecting the health, safety and welfare of people including firefighters and the public, and for harmonious interactions between people and their environment. IAWF is dedicated to communicating with the entire wildland fire community and providing a global linkage for people with shared interest in wildland fire and all of the associated topics of this multifaceted community.
To accomplish these goals, we convene and create networks across sectors, fields and disciplines to connect the wildfire community through multiple platforms, through which we communicate and convene including conferences, our website, the premier academic journal in our field (International Journal of Wildland Fire), a popular-oriented magazine (Wildfire) and via social media outlets, such as Facebook, Twitter and Linked-In.
Wildfire Magazine
Wildfire magazine is the quarterly publication for members of the Association. This magazine reaches 2000 people in 81 countries:
International Journal of Wildland Fire
The International Journal of Wildland Fire is a quarterly scientific peer-reviewed magazine of the Association. Starting in 2000 the journal is published by CSIRO Publishing in both print and electronic formats:
IAWF website
For more information, please contact the IAWF at:
Mikel Robinson
Executive Director
International Association of Wildland Fire
1418 Washburn Street
Missoula, MT 59801
U.S.A.
Tel: +1-406-625-709
e-mail: execdir@iawfonline.org
GFMC/IAWF Archive
Here are some historic IAWF Newsletters:
- IAWF News December 2007
- IAWF News June 2006
- IAWF News February 2006
- IAWF News November 2005
- IAWF News February 2005
The DELFI Network Form
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U.S. Fire Information Systems and Software Products
literaturefire.org
This site is designed for wildland fire professionals and students who require access to the latest software, documentation, and technical papers developed by Systems for Environmental Management and the USDA Forest Service, USDI National Park Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management for use by federal, state, and local fire management agencies. Fire.org is a cooperative effort by Systems for Environmental Management, Missoula, MT and the Fire Sciences Laboratory of the Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, MT.
The website links to the following products (State: 7 June 2006):
The website links to the following products (Status: 14 March 2020):
- BEHAVE plus
- FireFamilyPlus
- Fire Effects Monitoring and Inventory Protocol (FIREMON)
- FlamMap (now including FARSITE)
- First Order Fire Effects Model (FOFEM)
- Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
- ArcFuels
- Wildland Fire Assessment System (WFAS)
Feuer in Waldökosystemen der Tropen und Subtropen
literature
Feuer in Waldökosystemen derTropen und Subtropen
Anonymus 1896. Provinciale Verordening van de Preanger-Regentschappen betreffende Maatregeln ter voorkoming van boschbranden (Provincial regulation of the Preanger Regencies concerning measures for the prevention of forest fires). Javasche Courant, 14. January 1896, No. 4, 2 p. (in Dutch)
Anonymus 1902. Verordering op het branden van alang-alang en andere aanplantingen op woeste granden in het rechtstreeks besstuurd gebied des Residentie Amboina (Regulation on burning of alang-alang and other plantations on waste lands in the area under the administration of the Residency Ambon). Javasche Courant, 1902, No. 8, p. 1. (in Dutch).
Anonymus 1904. Verstag van den Dienst van het Boschwezen in Nederlandsch-Indie over het jaar 1903. Deel I. algemeen verslag. (1903 annual report of the Forest Service in the Dutch East Indies. Part I. General Report.) Unpubl., 32 pp. (in Dutch).
Anonymus 1905a. Fire protection in Madras. Extract from Resolution Forest No. 76, dated 24th March 1905. Ind. For. 31, 584-594.
Anonymus 1905b. Eucalyptus screens as fire protection belts. Ind. For. 31, 297.
Anonymus 1905c. The prohibition of grass burning and its effect on the game of the country. Ind. For. 31, 301-306.
Anonymus 1906a. Verodering op het branden van alang-alang en andere beplantingen op woeste en bebouwde prarden in de afdeeling Grooth Atjeh) (Regulation on burning of alang-alang grass and other plantations on waste and cultivated lands in the division of Great Aceh). Javasche Courant, 9 March 1906, p. 1 (in Dutch).
Anonymus 1906b. Concerning Bongas and fire-protection. Ind. For. 32, 413-414.
Anonymus 1910. Conference of forest officers on fire-protection held at Poona on July 15th and 16th, 1909. Ind. For. 36, 562-566.
Anonymus 1922. Nota betreffende boschbranden. Vragenligst (betreffende boschbranden). (Report on forest fires. Questionnaire [on forest fires]). Tectona 15, 359-365 ( in dutch).
Anonymus 1926. De boschbranden en de droogte. (Forest fires and the drought.) Tectona 19, 90.
Anonymus 1984. Plan Quinquennal (1986-1990). Première Partie: Les Forêts et la Production Forestière. Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Eaux et Forêts, Direction des Eaux et Forêts. République de Côte d’Ivoire.
Aoki, M., K. Yabuki and H. Koyama 1978. Micrometeorology of Pasoh forest. Malay. Nat. J. 30, 149-160.
Arfandi, H. 1984. The effect of erosion, surface flows on the nitrogen disappearance after fire [in Indonesian]. Unpubl. S 1 Thesis, Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University, Samarinda.
Armitage, F.B. and J. Burley (eds.) 1980. Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Syn. P.khasya Royle; P.insularis Endlicher). Com. For. Inst., Trop. For. Pap. 9, Oxford.
Arno, S.F. and A.E. Wilson 1986. Dating past fires in Curlleaf Mountain-mahogany communities. J. Range Manage 39, 241-243.
Ashton, P.S. 1969. Speciation among tropical forest trees: some deductions in the light of recent evidence. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 1, 155-196.
Ashton, P.S. 1988. Dipterocarp biology as a window to the understanding of tropical forest structure. Ann. Rev. Ecol. System. 19, 347- 370
Ashton, P.S. 1989. Species richness in tropical forests. In: Tropical forests. Botanical dynamics, speciation and diversity (C.B.Holm-Nielsen, I.C.Nielsen and H.Balslev, eds.), 239-251. Academic Press, London, 380 p.
Athias, F., G.Josens and P.Lavelle 1975. Influence du feu de brousse annuel sur le peuplement endogé de la savane de Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire). In: Proc. 5th Int. Coll. Soil Zoology, 389-397, Prague, 1973.Auer, V. 1933. Verschiebungen der Wald- und Steppengebiete Feuerlands in postglazialer Zeit. Acta Geogr. 5 (2), Helsinki.
Auer, V. 1939. Der Kampf zwischen Wald und Steppe auf Feuerland. Petermanns Geogr. Mitt., Heft 6, 193-197.
Auer, V. 1958. The Pleistocene of Fuego-Patagonia. P.II. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser.A 3(50). Helsinki.
Australien Forestry Council 1984. The 1982/83 bushfires: implications for national cooperation and coordination based on direct State and Territory forest service experience. Standing Committee of Forestry Rep., 19 p.
Baader, E.J. 1989. Pityogenes spp. (Col., Scolytidae): Untersuchungen über verhaltenssteuernde Duftstoffe und deren Anwendung im Waldschutz. J. Appl. Ent. 107, 1-31.
Bappenas (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional) 1992. International Workshop on Long-Term Integrated Forest Fire Management in Indonesia, Bandung, 17-18 June 1992.Bappenas, Jakarta.
Barnola, J.-M., D. Raynaud, Y.S. Koroikevich and C. Lorius 1987. Vostok ice core provides 160,000-year record of atmospheric CO2. Nature 329, 408-414.
Barnola, J.M., P. Pimienta, D. Raynaud and Y.S. Korotkevich 1991. CO2-climate relationship as deduced from the Vostock ice core: a re-examination based on new measurements and on a re-evaluation of the air dating. Tellus 43 B, 83-90.
Barrington, A.H.M. 1931. Forest soil and vegetation in the Hlaing Forest Circle, Burma. Burma For. Bull. 25, Ecol. Ser. M., Govt. Printing and Stationary, Rangoon.
Bartlett, H.H. 1955 (1957, 1961). Fire in relation to primitive agriculture and grazing in the tropics: annotated bibliography. Vol. 1-3. Mimeo Publ. Univ. Mich. Bot. Gardens, Ann. Arbor.
Batchelder, R.B. and H.F. Hiri 1966. Fire in tropical forests and grasslands. US Army Natick Lab. Tech. Rep. 67-41-ES. 380p.
Batchelder, R.B. 1967. Spatial and temporal patterns of fire in the tropical world. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 6, 171-190. Tallahassee, Florida.
Berkhout, A.M. 1886. Branden in djatie-bosschen. In: Houtsprokkelingen. (Burning in teak forests. In: Wood pickings.) Tijdschr. Nijverheid & Landbouw in Nederl. Indie 32, 196-197 (in Dutch).
Berlage, H.P. 1957. Fluctuations in the general atmospheric circulation of more than one year, their nature and prognostic value. K. Ned. Meteor. Inst. Meded. Verh. 69, 152 pp.
Betancourt, J.L. and T.R. van Devender 1981. Holocene vegetation in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Science 214, 656-658.
Beumée, J.G.B. 1919 a. Over bastverwondingen aan den djati. (On bark injuries to teak). Meded. Proefstat. Boschwez. 4, 31-54.
Beumée, J.G.B. 1919 b. De korte flora der djati-bosschen. (The low flora of the teak forests.) Tectona 12, 146-205.
Beven, S., E.F. Connor and K. Beven 1984. Avian biogeography in the Amazon basin and the biological model of diversification. J. Biogeogr. 11, 383-399.
Bhote, A.D. 1954. Forest fires. Letters to the Editor. Ind. For. 80, 117.
Bjerknes, J. 1969. Atmospheric teleconnections from the Equatorial Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev. 97, 163-172.
Blasco, F. 1983. The transition from open forest to savanna in continental Southeast Asia. In: Tropical savannas (F. Bourlière, ed.), 167-181. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 730 p.
BML (Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten) 1990. Der Treibhauseffekt. Gegenmaßnahmen und Anpassungsstrategien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wälder der gemäßigten Zonen. BML Schriftenreihe Angew.Wiss. H.387. Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster-Hiltrup, 71 p.
Bock, C. 1881. The head-hunters of Borneo: a narrative of travel up the Mahakam and down the Barito; also journeyings in Sumatra. First published by Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, London (1881)- Reprint 1985. Singapore Oxford University Press, Oxford-New York, XIII+344 p.Boer, CH. 1984. Study on the degree of damage due to forest fire in Long Nah, S. Kelinjan, and S. Separi, East Kalimantan (in Indonesian). Unpubl. S 1 Thesis IPB Bajor, 194 p.
Boer, CH., P. Matius and M. Sutisna 1988a. Suksesi setelah kebakaran hutan primer di hutan pendidikan. Lempake, Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur. Report, Fakultas Kehutanan, University of Mulawarman, 41 p.
Boer, CH., P. Matius and M. Sutisna 1988 b. Succession after fire in the Lempake primary forest near Samarinda, East Kalimantan. GFG-Report 11, 27-34.
Bolin, B., B. Döös, J. Jäger and R.A. Warrick (eds.) 1986. The greenhouse effect, climatic change and ecosystems. SCOPE 29, Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 539 p.
Boomgard, P. 1992. Forest management and exploitation on colonial Java, 1677-1897. Forest & Conservation History 36, 4-14.
Booysen, P.de V. and N.M. Tainton (eds.) 1984. Ecological effects of fire in South African ecosystems. Ecological Studies 48, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 426 p.
Botkin, D.B. 1989. Science and the global environment. In: Changing the global environment (D.B.Botkin, M.F.Caswell, J.E.Estes and A.A.Orio, eds.), 3-14. Academic Press, San Diego, 459 p.
Bourliere, F. and M. Hadley 1983. Present-day savannas: an overview. In: Tropical savannas (F. Boulière, ed.), 1-18. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 730 p.
Bourliere, F. (ed.) 1983. Tropical savannas. Ecosystems of the world 13.Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co., Amsterdam,730p.
Brain, C.K. and A. Sillen 1988. Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire. Nature 336, 464-466.
Brandis, D. 1879 a. Suggestions regarding the management of the forests included in the Forest School Circle, North-Western Provinces. Dat. Camp. Jorehant, Assam. Datiert 20.3.1879. Govt. Centr. Branch Press, Simla, III + 41 p. + App.
Brandis, D. 1879 b. The utilization of less valuable woods in the fire protected forests of the Central Provinces, by iron-making. Ind. For. 5, 222-225.
Brandis, D. 1881. Suggestions regarding the management of leased forests of Busáhir in the Sutlej Valley of Punjab. Datiert 1.10.1881. Govt. Centr. Branch Press, Simla, I + 26 p.
Brandis, D. 1884. Ueber Brandwirtschaft in den Bergen Ostindiens, namentlich in Burma. Allg. Forst- u. J. Ztg. 60, 377-386.
Brandis, D., 1896. Die Familie der Dipterocarpaceen und ihre geographische Verbreitung. Sitzungsber. Niederrheinische Ges. Natur- u. Heilkunde I., Teil A, 4-42. Bonn.
Brinkmann, W.K.F. and A.N. Vieirra 1971. The effect of burning on germination of seeds at different soil depths of various tropical tree species. Turrialba 21, 77-82.
Brinkmann, W.K.F. and J.C. de Nascimento 1973. The effect of slash and burn on the germination of seeds at different soil depths of various tropical tree species. Turrialba 23, 284-290.
Brookman-Amissah, J., J.B. Hall, M.D. Swaine and J.Y. Attakoram 1980. A re-assessment of a fire protection experiment in northeastern Ghana savanna. J. Appl. Ecol. 17, 85-99.Brooks, R.H. 1971. Human response to recurrent drought in north-eastern Brazil. Prof. Geogr. 23, 40-44.
Broun, A.F. 1886. Reports on the effects of fire-conservancy on the Raus of the Saharanpur Division. Ind. For. 12, 418-421.
Brown, A.A. and K.P. Davis 1973. Forest Fire. Control and use. McGraw Hill, New York, 686 p.
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Pyrological Classification of Landscapes, Sites and Fuel Types
literature
Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia
Pyrological Classification of Landscapes, Sites and Fuel Types
Abaimov, A.P., and I.J. Koropachinskiy. 1984. Larch: Larix gmelinii and Larix cajanderi. Novosibirsk, Nauka. 121 pp. Novosibirsk, Nauka <in Russian>.
Anonymous. 1966-1970. Reference book of climate of the USSR. vol. 1-4, Issues 6-8, 17-29, 33. Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad. (In Russian)
Anonymus. 1973. Atlas of Forests of the USSR. Moscow <in Russian>.
Anonymus. 1990. Vegetation of the USSR. 1990. Map for High Schools at 1:4,000,000 scale. Moscow, GUGK <in Russian>..
Budyko, M.I. 1974. Climate change. Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 280 pp. <in Russian>.
Buks, I.I. et al. 1977. The correlation ecological-phytocoenotic map of 1:7,500,000 scale. Institute of Geography of Siberia. Irkutsk <in Russian>.
Conrad, V. 1947. Usual formulas of continentality and their limits of validity. Transactions of American Geophysical Union 27 (5): 663-664.
Deeming, J.E., J.W. Lancaster, M.A. Fosberg, R.W. Furman, and M.J. Schroeder. 1972. The National Fire Danger Rating System. USDA For. Ser. Paper RM-84, 165 pp.
Furyaev, V.V. 1988. Analyses or fire consequences for evaluation of forest-forming processes. Lesovedenije No.1, 59-66 <in Russian>.
Hamet-Achti, L. 1976. The biotic divisions of the boreal zone. Geobotanical cartography, pp. 51-58. Moscow <in Russian>.
Holdridge, L.R. 1967. Life zone ecology. Tropical Science Center, San Jose.
Isachenko, A.G. 1988. Landscapes and the content of the world landscape map. Izvestia, VGO, Vol.120 (6), pp. 489-501.
Kurbatsky, N.P. 1954. Methodological guidelines for experimental development of local fire danger rating scales. TsNIILKh, Leningrad, 33 pp. <in Russian>.
Kurbatsky, N.P. 1962. Techniques and tactics of fire suppression. Moscow, 154 pp. <in Russian>.
Kurbatsky, N.P. 1970. Studies of loading and characteristics of forest fuels. In: Problems of forest pyrology, pp. 5-58. Krasnoyarsk <in Russian>.
Nazimova, D.I., N.I. Molokova, and K.K. Djanseitov. 1985. Altitudinal zonality and climate in the mountains of the Southern Siberia. Geography and Natural Resources 2, 53-58.
Nazimova D.I., N.P. Polikarpov, and N.M. Tchebakova. 1990. Climatic ordination of forest vegetation zones and altitudinal belts as a basis of general classification of forest cover in Siberia. In: Proc. Int. Symp. “Boreal Forests. Stability, Dynamics and Anthropogenic Inputs”, pp. 49-61. The Forest State Committee Press. Archangelsk.
Nesterov, V.G., M.V. Gritsenko, and T.A. Shabunina. 1968. The use of dew point temperature in calculation of the fire occurrence index. Meteorologia and Hidrologia 9, 102-105 <in Russian>.
Polikarpov, N.P., N.M. Tchebakova, and D.I. Nazimova. 1986. Climate and mountain forests in Southern Siberia. Novosibirsk, Nauka. 225 pp.
Pyne, S.J. 1984. Introduction to Wildland Fire. Fire Management in the United States. John Wiley, New York, 455 pp.
Shumilova, L.V. Botanical geography of Siberia. 1962. Tomsk State University Press, Tomsk. 440 pp. <in Russian>.
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Smagin, V.N., S.A. Iljinskaya, and D.I. Nazimova, et al. 1980. Forest types of the south Siberia mountains. Novosibirsk, Nauka. 280 pp. <in Russian>
Sochava V.B., and E.M. Lavrenko. 1956. Plant cover of the USSR. Explanation text to the geobotanical map. v., 2 pp <in Russian>.
Sofronov, M.A. and A.V. Volokitina. 1985. The types of the prime conductors of burning in surface fires. Forest Journal 5, 12-17 <in Russian>.
Sofronov, M.A. and A.V. Volokitina. 1990. Pyrological regions of the taiga zone. Novosibirsk, 204 pp. <in Russian>.
Sukachev, V.N. 1972. The foundations of forest typology and biogeocoenology. Nauka, Leningrad, 420 pp. <in Russian>.
Tchebakova, N.M. 1981. The evaluation of mountain forest potential productivity in the Western Sayan on the base of climatic parameters. In: Formation and productivity of stands, pp. 6-18. Novosibirsk, Nauka <in Russian>.
Tchebakova, N.M., and E.I. Parfenova. 1991. The role of radiational factors in plant cover differentiation into altitudinal belts in Baikal basin. Geography and Natural Resources 2, 75-82.
Trabaud, L. 1977. Fuel mapping helps forest firefighting in Southern France. Fire Manage. Notes 39, 14-17.
Tuhkanen, S.A. 1984. Climatic parameters and indices in plant geography. Acta Botanica Fennica 67. Uppsala, 110 pp.
Utkin, A.I. and N.V. Dylis. 1969. The biogeocoenotic classification of forests. Lesovedenije 3, 3-23.
Valendik, E.N. 1990. Large forest fires. Novosibirsk, Nauka. 205 pp. <in Russian>.
Volokitina, A.V. 1990. Principle for developing guidelines for identification of the types of prime conductors of burning (on the example of Krasnoyarsk Priangarie). Krasnoyarsk, Dep. in VINITY: 5352-W90, 31 pp. <in Russian>.
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Volokitina, A.V., T.M. Tartakovskaya, and E.G. Schevchuk. 1989. Creating database for rapid drawing of the maps of forest fuels (methodological recommendations). Krasnoyarsk, 20 pp. <in Russian>.
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Wright, J.G. 1967. Forest-fire hazard research as developed and conducted at the Petawawa Forest Experiment Station. Forest Service, Department of the Interior, Ottowa, Canada, 40pp.
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Wildland Fire Management Terminology: Remarks
literatureSome Remarks concerning the revised FAO Wildland Fire Management Terminology
by
Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC)
The GFMC has entered the whole glossary of the 1986 version (FAO 1986. Wildland Fire Management Terminology. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO Forestry Paper 70, 257 p.).
We have added, compared and harmonized the English base document with other major national fire management terminologies and some encyclopedias and websites,such as:
- National Research Council Canada (1987). Glossary of Forest Fire Management Terms. Canadian Committee on Forest Fire Management. Ottawa. 91 p.
- National Wildfire Coordination Group (1985). Smoke Management Glossary. Smoke Management Guide Produced by: Prescribed Fire and Fire Effects Working Team. Boise,Idaho. 28 p.
- National Wildfire Coordination Group (1989). A Guide for Prescribed Fire in Southern Forests. Boise,Idaho. 56 p.
- National Wildfire Coordination Group (1994). Introduction to Wildland fire Behavior S-190. Student Workbook. Boise, Idaho. 66 p.
- National Wildfire Coordination Group (1996). Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology. Incident Operations Standards Working Team. Boise,Idaho. 162 p.
- International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) 1997. ITTO Guidelines on Fire Management in Tropical Forests. ITTO Policy Development Series No.6. ITTO, Yokohama, 40 p. (J.G. Goldammer, senior author)
- Random House Webster`s Electronic Dictionary and Thesaurus, College Edition Version 1.0, Software.
- Society of American Foresters (1990). Glossary of Wildland Fire Management Terms Used in the United States. University of Arizona press. Tuscon, Arizona. 138 p.
- IDNDR (former UNDRO) disaster terminology
- NASA (1999). Fire Monitoring Glossary. Responsible NASA Officials: Chris Justice and Yoram Kaufman.
- NASA (1999). Glossary of Terms. Atmospheric Sciences NASA Langley Research Center.
- DELFI (1999) The DELFI vocabulary. CONCERTED ACTION Definition and Creation of a Common Knowledge Base for Forest Fires ENV4-CT98-0735.
- Encyclopedia Britannica, Britannica.com; http://www.britannica.com/
Important Information for Standardization of English and non-English Terms
Recommendations for including Spanish and French terms:
Draft and not yet reviewed Spanish and French counterpart terms are available in this document only for those terms that had been already included in the 1986 version of the FAO Terminology. We found that these Spanish and French terms in some cases are either not correct or have spelling mistakes. Thus, we recommend to carefully check and review EVERY Spanish and French term.
We have corrected the existing and added the missing German terms (a voluntary contribution to the terminology project). We have used the correct way of spelling German, including the use of upper and lower cases where applicable.
The entries (terms) in English start in upper case (and according to recognized rules, words with 3 or less letters begin in lower case). We thought that this looks better. However, if there is the feeling that all terms should be written in lower case (exempt names or designations), we can change that in the final editing process.
French and Spanish terms should start in lower case exempt names etc.
Some Procedural Remarks for translating into French and Spanish (or other languages in a later stage)
At international level the use of wildland fire management terms has been developed most specifically in North America and Australia. If no counter part terms in other languages are also available, the foreign-language term are sometimes (a) adapted from English, or (b) translated (or explained) or even briefly described (in cases where there is no equivalent term available at all).
In the latter case such a descriptive term should be put into [brackets] such as we did in the 1986 terminology.
In the case of names, proper names, brands or designations of systems a translation should not be done. The English definition will clarify what the name or designation means. In such case we suggest to insert a standard term in [brackets]which indicates that this term is a name. For instance, in the German version we use the term [Eigenname] which in English means [proper name, or brand name].
Acronyms
In the case of abbreviations or acronyms we have always entered the fully spelled term and added the acronym in (brackets). In order to facilitate the identification of acronyms we have provided a list of acronyms in alphabetical order.
Fire Characteristics: Behavior, Modelling
literature
Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia
Fire Characteristics:
Behavior, Modelling
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Grishin A.M., A.D. Gruzin, and E.E. Gruzina. 1984. Aerodynamics and heat/mass exchange of the forest fire front with the lower atmosphere. J. Appl. Mathematics and Technical Physics 6, 91-96 <in Russian>.
Grishin A.M., and A.A. Fomin. 1985. Numerical investigation of heat/mass transfer in the ground atmospherelayer over a great forest fire place. In: Problems of dynamics of viscous liquid, 108-113. Novosibirsk: ITAM Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences <in Russian>.
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Grishin A.M., and V.A. Perminov. 1992. Mathematical modelling of ignition of a forest cupola from the Tunguska meteorite with taking into account two temperatures of the medium. Siberian J. Mathematics 6, 107-111 <in Russian>.
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Konev, E.V., A.I. Sukhinin, and E.K. Kisilyakhov. 1974. About combustion of soil cover in pine wood. In: Questions of forest pyrology, p.41-50. Institute of Forest and Wood SO AN SSSR, Krasnoyarsk <in Russian>
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