---

• Online Publications
  
• Fire Research Institute Library
  
• GFMC Fire Bibliographies
  
  

---

Fire Management Guidelines and Handbooks

Prepared by GFMC and Partners

---

These Fire Management Guidelines and Handbooks have been prepared or published by the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) and its partners:

Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa

This GFMC publication has been prepared by a consortium of 43 contributing authors. Hard copies of the 432-page volume are available for a subsidized price for the African market.

Reference: Goldammer, J.G., and C. de Ronde (eds.). 2004. Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa. Global Fire Monitoring Center and Oneworldbooks, Freiburg – Cape Town, 432 p. (ISBN 1- 919833-65-X).

Book orders:

Book flyer: Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Subsahara Africa (PDF, 200 KB)
Order form: Fax-Order Form (PDF, 120 KB)
Medium-resolution digital version (PDF, 11 MB)

Guidelines on Safe Fire Management on Contaminated Terrain

In 2014 the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) commissioned the report Best Practices and Recommendations for Wildfire Suppression in Contaminated Areas, with Focus on Radioactive Terrain (Goldammer, J.G., Kashparov, V., Zibtsev, S., Robinson, S., Freiburg-Basel-Kyiv, 53. p.)

• English Version (PDF, 3.1 MB)
• Russian Version (PDF, 3.8 MB)

Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events

At three major planning meetings, the GFMC supported the WHO to prepare guidelines together with a volume with background papers and a teacher’s guide. The volumes aim at contributing to prevent and manage disasters caused by smoke from vegetation fires and to mitigate their effects on human health:

References: Schwela, D.H., J.G. Goldammer, L.H. Morawska, and O. Simpson. 1999. Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events. Guideline document. Published on behalf of UNEP, WHO, and WMO. Institute of Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore. Double Six Press, Singapore, 291 p.

Goh, K.T., D.H. Schwela, J.G. Goldammer, and O. Simpson. 1999. Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events. Background Papers. Published on behalf of UNEP, WHO, and WMO. Institute of Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore. Namic Printers, Singapore, 498 p.

Schwela, D.H., L.H. Morawska, and Abu Bakar bin Jafar. 1999. Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events. Teachers’ Guide. Published on behalf of UNEP, WHO, and WMO. Institute of Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore. Double Six Press, Singapore, 114 p.

Online Publication: https://gfmc.online/programmes/un/who/who.html

ITTO Guidelines on Fire Management in Tropical Forests

The sixth publication in the ITTO Policy Development Series aims to provide practical assistance to member countries as they address issues and develop fire management principles to ensure the protection and sustainable management of tropical forests. The guidelines were drafted under the leadership of the GFMC in 1994 and finalized by a group of experts in 1996.

Reference: International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). 1997. ITTO Guidelines on Fire Management in Tropical Forests. ITTO Policy Development Series No.6. ITTO, Yokohama, 40 p.

Online Publication: https://gfmc.online/programmes/itto/itto.htm

Guidelines on Fire Management in Temperate and Boreal Forests

This FAO Guidelines document was developed under the aegis of GFMC in 2002. The guidelines are considered to be open for discussion and additional inputs that may be included successively.

Online publication: http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/009/ag041e/ag041e00.pdf

Alternatively, on the GFMC repository:

• FAO (2002). Guidelines on Fire Management in Temperate and Boreal Forests. Forest Protection Working Papers, Working Paper FP/1/E. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome (PDF, 0.4 MB)

Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines

The UN Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines outline the Principles and Strategic Actions necessary for policy, planning and senior management decision makers to achieve more integrated and cross-sectoral approaches to fire management. The guidelines have been developed in response to the outcomes of the FAO Ministerial Meeting on Forests and the 17th Session of the FAO Committee on Forestry, March 2005 (Rome, Italy 2005), which called upon FAO, in collaboration with countries and other international partners, including the UNISDR, to develop a Strategy to Enhance International Cooperation in Fire Management, that advanced knowledge, increased access to information and resources and explored new approaches to cooperation at all levels. GFMC contributed with inputs from the UNISDR Global Wildland Fire Network.

Online publication: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/j9255e/j9255e00.htm

Alternatively on the GFMC repository:

• Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines (English Version, PDF, 0.3 MB)

• Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines (French Version, PDF,0.4 MB)

• Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines (Spanish Version, PDF, 0.4 MB)

• Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines (Russian Version, PDF, 0.5 MB)

• Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines (Version for use in FYROM, PDF, 0.7 MB)

Wildland Fire Management: Handbook for Trainers

The Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) has supported the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines for Fire Management by financing review of the Handbook on Forest Fire Control, A Guide for Trainers, to incorporate the more holistic approaches. This new Handbook on Wildland Fire Management, for Trainers, will target field trainers/instructors, and thus complement the other recent Wildland Fire Management Handbooks; for Sub-Sahara Africa (2004), for North-East Asia (2006) in Russian, produced by the UNISDR and the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). This handbook production was supported by GFMC.

Reference: Heikkila, T.V., R.Gronqvist, and M. Jurvelius. 2007. Wildland Fire Management: Handbook for Trainers. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Development Policy Information Unit. Helsinki, Finland, 236 p. (ISBN-13: 978-951-724-581-4)

Online publication: Wildland Fire Management: Handbook for Trainers (PDF, 12 MB)

Defense of Villages, Farms and Other Rural Assets against Wildfires: Guidelines for Rural Populations, Local Communities and Municipality Leaders in the Balkan Region

In many regions globally rural settlements (villages, towns, scattered farmsteads) and other rural assets (agricultural fields / crops, infrastructures and other values at risk) are increasingly endangered by wildfires. This trend is driven by the consequences of land-use change, regional climate change and particularly by the rural exodus, which has resulted in the weakening of rural workforce and self-protection ability and increasing wildfire hazard on abandoned lands. In order to enhance the capabilities of local rural communities to defend themselves against wildfires a set of guidelines was developed for the Balkans as a pilot region, designed to be adapted to the conditions of other regions and countries as deemed appropriate:

• https://gfmc.online/manag/CBFiM_11.htm

Russian Handbooks Published by Greenpeace of Russia and the Aerial Forest Fire Center of Russia Avialesookhrana

The following two publications have been prepared after the 2010 fire season. The first publication by Greenpeace includes recommendations for organizing volunteer fire brigades, how to use and observe regulations, and information on fire centers and other services.

• Greenpeace Handbook for Voluntary Fire Brigades in Russia (PDF, 2.5 MB)

Another Handbook for Volunteers Fire Brigades has been developed jointly by Greenpeace of Russia and the Aerial Forest Fire Center Avialesookhrana of the Federal Forestry Agency of Russia. This handbook consists of information about forest fires, rules, and regulations, firefighting tactics and methods, equipment, firefighter safety, etc. A special chapter is on first medical care.

• Greenpeace and Avialesookhrana Handbook for Voluntary Fire Brigades in Russia (Second edition 2014, PDF, 4.0 MB)

With accelerating land-use change and climate change in temperate-boreal Eurasia the properties of organic terrain, which has accumulated in wetlands (moors, mires, and peat and turf lands), are gradually changing and becoming increasingly flammable. This is especially the case in wetlands that have been drained in the 19th and 20th centuries. After the severe drought and widespread wildfires in Western Russia in 2010, which had penetrated desiccated organic terrain and caused severe damages of biodiversity and air quality, the Greenpeace Russia Fire Programme and the All-Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry (ARICEF) developed a manual with recommendations for fire management in peatlands. The first edition of the handbook was published 2015. An updated version was published in 2020:

• Greenpeace Russia Handbook for Fire Management in Peatlands (2020) (PDF, 30 MB)

Manual for the Control of Fire in Peatlands and Peatland Forest

This Manual for the Control of Fire in Peatland and Peatland Forest contains information on (1) fire control, (2) factors which support fire, (3) government policy on fire control, and (4) strategies and techniques for the control of land and forest fires in peatland areas. The information presented in this book, besides including a variety of concepts and practical measures for the prevention and suppression of fire already written/presented by others, also contains ideas and recent field experience of the writers in the handling of land and forest fires in peatland areas of Kalimantan and Sumatera. The writing of this book has been funded by CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency) through the CCFPI project (Climate Change, Forests and Peatlands in Indonesia), and is produced by Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme in cooperation with Wildlife Habitat Canada.

Reference: Adinugroho W.C., I Nyoman N. Suryadiputra, Bambang H. Saharjo, and Labueni Siboro. 2005. Manual for the Control of Fire in Peatlands and Peatland Forest. Climate Change, Forests and Peatlands in Indonesia Project. Wetlands International Indonesia Programme and Wildlife Habitat Canada. Bogor, Indonesia, 162 p. ISBN: 979-99373-7-X (Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme).

• Online publication: Manual for the Control of Fire in Peatlands and Peatland Forest (PDF, 1.7 MB)

Manejo del Fuego (in Spanish, by Marcos Pedro Ramos Rodriguez, Universidad de Pinar del Rio, Cuba, 2010)

Este libro contiene informacion sobre: (1) Fuego y medio ambiente (2) Comportamiento del fuego (3) Proteccion contra incendios forestales (4) Evaluacion de los efectos provocados los incedios forestales, sumarizando de forma detallada las tecnicas y habilidades tanto para el manejo del fuego como para el combate de incendios forestales en general.

• Manejo del Fuego (Fire Management), by Marcos Pedro Ramos Rodriguez, Universidad de Pinar del Rio, Cuba, 2010 (in Spanish, 240 p.) (PDF, 4.6 MB)

Guidelines and Manual of Procedures for Community-Based Fire Management (Ghana)

These guidelines have been produced in the frame of the ITTO-supported project “Fire-Management and Post-Fire Restoration with Local Community Collaboration in Ghana” (2005-2010) and call for wide application in West Africa and beyond:

• Guidelines and Manual of Procedures for Community-Based Fire Management (Ghana) (PDF, 6.4 MB)

---

The DELFI Network

Prof/Dr/Ms/Mr (Delete as appropriate)

Initials:________ Surname:__________________________________

Position of responsibilities:___________________________________

Address:________________________________________________

  ______________________________________________________

Country:_________________________________________________

Tel:______________________ Fax:___________________________

Nature of activity (research, application, manufacturing), region of interest,
project resources, duration, funding sources:

  ______________________________________________________

  ______________________________________________________

  ______________________________________________________

  ______________________________________________________

  ______________________________________________________

  ______________________________________________________

  ______________________________________________________

  ______________________________________________________

  ______________________________________________________

  ______________________________________________________

---

Top
Back

 

Feuer in Waldökosystemen derTropen und Subtropen

---

Anonymus 1896. Provinciale Verordening van de Preanger-Regentschappen betreffende Maatregeln ter voorkoming van boschbranden (Provincial regulation of the Preanger Regencies concerning measures for the prevention of forest fires). Javasche Courant, 14. January 1896, No. 4, 2 p. (in Dutch)

Anonymus 1902. Verordering op het branden van alang-alang en andere aanplantingen op woeste granden in het rechtstreeks besstuurd gebied des Residentie Amboina (Regulation on burning of alang-alang and other plantations on waste lands in the area under the administration of the Residency Ambon). Javasche Courant, 1902, No. 8, p. 1. (in Dutch).

Anonymus 1904. Verstag van den Dienst van het Boschwezen in Nederlandsch-Indie over het jaar 1903. Deel I. algemeen verslag. (1903 annual report of the Forest Service in the Dutch East Indies. Part I. General Report.) Unpubl., 32 pp. (in Dutch).

Anonymus 1905a. Fire protection in Madras. Extract from Resolution Forest No. 76, dated 24th March 1905. Ind. For. 31, 584-594.

Anonymus 1905b. Eucalyptus screens as fire protection belts. Ind. For. 31, 297.

Anonymus 1905c. The prohibition of grass burning and its effect on the game of the country. Ind. For. 31, 301-306.

Anonymus 1906a. Verodering op het branden van alang-alang en andere beplantingen op woeste en bebouwde prarden in de afdeeling Grooth Atjeh) (Regulation on burning of alang-alang grass and other plantations on waste and cultivated lands in the division of Great Aceh). Javasche Courant, 9 March 1906, p. 1 (in Dutch).

Anonymus 1906b. Concerning Bongas and fire-protection. Ind. For. 32, 413-414.

Anonymus 1910. Conference of forest officers on fire-protection held at Poona on July 15th and 16th, 1909. Ind. For. 36, 562-566.

Anonymus 1922. Nota betreffende boschbranden. Vragenligst (betreffende boschbranden). (Report on forest fires. Questionnaire [on forest fires]). Tectona 15, 359-365 ( in dutch).

Anonymus 1926. De boschbranden en de droogte. (Forest fires and the drought.) Tectona 19, 90.

Anonymus 1984. Plan Quinquennal (1986-1990). Première Partie: Les Forêts et la Production Forestière. Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Eaux et Forêts, Direction des Eaux et Forêts. République de Côte d’Ivoire.

Aoki, M., K. Yabuki and H. Koyama 1978. Micrometeorology of Pasoh forest. Malay. Nat. J. 30, 149-160.

Arfandi, H. 1984. The effect of erosion, surface flows on the nitrogen disappearance after fire [in Indonesian]. Unpubl. S 1 Thesis, Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University, Samarinda.

Armitage, F.B. and J. Burley (eds.) 1980. Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Syn. P.khasya Royle; P.insularis Endlicher). Com. For. Inst., Trop. For. Pap. 9, Oxford.

Arno, S.F. and A.E. Wilson 1986. Dating past fires in Curlleaf Mountain-mahogany communities. J. Range Manage 39, 241-243.

Ashton, P.S. 1969. Speciation among tropical forest trees: some deductions in the light of recent evidence. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 1, 155-196.

Ashton, P.S. 1988. Dipterocarp biology as a window to the understanding of tropical forest structure. Ann. Rev. Ecol. System. 19, 347- 370

Ashton, P.S. 1989. Species richness in tropical forests. In: Tropical forests. Botanical dynamics, speciation and diversity (C.B.Holm-Nielsen, I.C.Nielsen and H.Balslev, eds.), 239-251. Academic Press, London, 380 p.

Athias, F., G.Josens and P.Lavelle 1975. Influence du feu de brousse annuel sur le peuplement endogé de la savane de Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire). In: Proc. 5th Int. Coll. Soil Zoology, 389-397, Prague, 1973.Auer, V. 1933. Verschiebungen der Wald- und Steppengebiete Feuerlands in postglazialer Zeit. Acta Geogr. 5 (2), Helsinki.

Auer, V. 1939. Der Kampf zwischen Wald und Steppe auf Feuerland. Petermanns Geogr. Mitt., Heft 6, 193-197.

Auer, V. 1958. The Pleistocene of Fuego-Patagonia. P.II. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser.A 3(50). Helsinki.

Australien Forestry Council 1984. The 1982/83 bushfires: implications for national cooperation and coordination based on direct State and Territory forest service experience. Standing Committee of Forestry Rep., 19 p.

Baader, E.J. 1989. Pityogenes spp. (Col., Scolytidae): Untersuchungen über verhaltenssteuernde Duftstoffe und deren Anwendung im Waldschutz. J. Appl. Ent. 107, 1-31.

Bappenas (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional) 1992. International Workshop on Long-Term Integrated Forest Fire Management in Indonesia, Bandung, 17-18 June 1992.Bappenas, Jakarta.

Barnola, J.-M., D. Raynaud, Y.S. Koroikevich and C. Lorius 1987. Vostok ice core provides 160,000-year record of atmospheric CO2. Nature 329, 408-414.

Barnola, J.M., P. Pimienta, D. Raynaud and Y.S. Korotkevich 1991. CO2-climate relationship as deduced from the Vostock ice core: a re-examination based on new measurements and on a re-evaluation of the air dating. Tellus 43 B, 83-90.

Barrington, A.H.M. 1931. Forest soil and vegetation in the Hlaing Forest Circle, Burma. Burma For. Bull. 25, Ecol. Ser. M., Govt. Printing and Stationary, Rangoon.

Bartlett, H.H. 1955 (1957, 1961). Fire in relation to primitive agriculture and grazing in the tropics: annotated bibliography. Vol. 1-3. Mimeo Publ. Univ. Mich. Bot. Gardens, Ann. Arbor.

Batchelder, R.B. and H.F. Hiri 1966. Fire in tropical forests and grasslands. US Army Natick Lab. Tech. Rep. 67-41-ES. 380p.

Batchelder, R.B. 1967. Spatial and temporal patterns of fire in the tropical world. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 6, 171-190. Tallahassee, Florida.

Berkhout, A.M. 1886. Branden in djatie-bosschen. In: Houtsprokkelingen. (Burning in teak forests. In: Wood pickings.) Tijdschr. Nijverheid & Landbouw in Nederl. Indie 32, 196-197 (in Dutch).

Berlage, H.P. 1957. Fluctuations in the general atmospheric circulation of more than one year, their nature and prognostic value. K. Ned. Meteor. Inst. Meded. Verh. 69, 152 pp.

Betancourt, J.L. and T.R. van Devender 1981. Holocene vegetation in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Science 214, 656-658.

Beumée, J.G.B. 1919 a. Over bastverwondingen aan den djati. (On bark injuries to teak). Meded. Proefstat. Boschwez. 4, 31-54.

Beumée, J.G.B. 1919 b. De korte flora der djati-bosschen. (The low flora of the teak forests.) Tectona 12, 146-205.

Beven, S., E.F. Connor and K. Beven 1984. Avian biogeography in the Amazon basin and the biological model of diversification. J. Biogeogr. 11, 383-399.

Bhote, A.D. 1954. Forest fires. Letters to the Editor. Ind. For. 80, 117.

Bjerknes, J. 1969. Atmospheric teleconnections from the Equatorial Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev. 97, 163-172.

Blasco, F. 1983. The transition from open forest to savanna in continental Southeast Asia. In: Tropical savannas (F. Bourlière, ed.), 167-181. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 730 p.

BML (Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten) 1990. Der Treibhauseffekt. Gegenmaßnahmen und Anpassungsstrategien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wälder der gemäßigten Zonen. BML Schriftenreihe Angew.Wiss. H.387. Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster-Hiltrup, 71 p.

Bock, C. 1881. The head-hunters of Borneo: a narrative of travel up the Mahakam and down the Barito; also journeyings in Sumatra. First published by Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, London (1881)- Reprint 1985. Singapore Oxford University Press, Oxford-New York, XIII+344 p.Boer, CH. 1984. Study on the degree of damage due to forest fire in Long Nah, S. Kelinjan, and S. Separi, East Kalimantan (in Indonesian). Unpubl. S 1 Thesis IPB Bajor, 194 p.

Boer, CH., P. Matius and M. Sutisna 1988a. Suksesi setelah kebakaran hutan primer di hutan pendidikan. Lempake, Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur. Report, Fakultas Kehutanan, University of Mulawarman, 41 p.

Boer, CH., P. Matius and M. Sutisna 1988 b. Succession after fire in the Lempake primary forest near Samarinda, East Kalimantan. GFG-Report 11, 27-34.

Bolin, B., B. Döös, J. Jäger and R.A. Warrick (eds.) 1986. The greenhouse effect, climatic change and ecosystems. SCOPE 29, Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 539 p.

Boomgard, P. 1992. Forest management and exploitation on colonial Java, 1677-1897. Forest & Conservation History 36, 4-14.

Booysen, P.de V. and N.M. Tainton (eds.) 1984. Ecological effects of fire in South African ecosystems. Ecological Studies 48, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 426 p.

Botkin, D.B. 1989. Science and the global environment. In: Changing the global environment (D.B.Botkin, M.F.Caswell, J.E.Estes and A.A.Orio, eds.), 3-14. Academic Press, San Diego, 459 p.

Bourliere, F. and M. Hadley 1983. Present-day savannas: an overview. In: Tropical savannas (F. Boulière, ed.), 1-18. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 730 p.

Bourliere, F. (ed.) 1983. Tropical savannas. Ecosystems of the world 13.Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co., Amsterdam,730p.

Brain, C.K. and A. Sillen 1988. Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire. Nature 336, 464-466.

Brandis, D. 1879 a. Suggestions regarding the management of the forests included in the Forest School Circle, North-Western Provinces. Dat. Camp. Jorehant, Assam. Datiert 20.3.1879. Govt. Centr. Branch Press, Simla, III + 41 p. + App.

Brandis, D. 1879 b. The utilization of less valuable woods in the fire protected forests of the Central Provinces, by iron-making. Ind. For. 5, 222-225.

Brandis, D. 1881. Suggestions regarding the management of leased forests of Busáhir in the Sutlej Valley of Punjab. Datiert 1.10.1881. Govt. Centr. Branch Press, Simla, I + 26 p.

Brandis, D. 1884. Ueber Brandwirtschaft in den Bergen Ostindiens, namentlich in Burma. Allg. Forst- u. J. Ztg. 60, 377-386.

Brandis, D., 1896. Die Familie der Dipterocarpaceen und ihre geographische Verbreitung. Sitzungsber. Niederrheinische Ges. Natur- u. Heilkunde I., Teil A, 4-42. Bonn.

Brinkmann, W.K.F. and A.N. Vieirra 1971. The effect of burning on germination of seeds at different soil depths of various tropical tree species. Turrialba 21, 77-82.

Brinkmann, W.K.F. and J.C. de Nascimento 1973. The effect of slash and burn on the germination of seeds at different soil depths of various tropical tree species. Turrialba 23, 284-290.

Brookman-Amissah, J., J.B. Hall, M.D. Swaine and J.Y. Attakoram 1980. A re-assessment of a fire protection experiment in northeastern Ghana savanna. J. Appl. Ecol. 17, 85-99.Brooks, R.H. 1971. Human response to recurrent drought in north-eastern Brazil. Prof. Geogr. 23, 40-44.

Broun, A.F. 1886. Reports on the effects of fire-conservancy on the Raus of the Saharanpur Division. Ind. For. 12, 418-421.

Brown, A.A. and K.P. Davis 1973. Forest Fire. Control and use. McGraw Hill, New York, 686 p.

Brown, S. and A.E. Lugo 1984. Biomass of tropical forests: A new estimate based on volumes. Science 223, 1290-1293.

Brown, S., A.E. Lugo and J. Chapman 1986. Biomass of tropical tree plantations and its implications for the global carbon budget. Can. J. For. Res. 16, 390-394.

Brown, S. and A.E. Lugo 1990. Tropical secondary forests. J. Trop. Ecol. 6, 1-32.

Brünig, E.F. 1964. A study of damage attributed to lightning in two areas of Shorea albida forest in Sarawak. Comm. For. Rev. 43, 134-144.

Brünig, E.F. 1969. On the seasonality of droughts in the lowlands of Sarawak (Borneo). Erdkunde 23 (2), 127-133.

Brünig, E.F. 1971. On the ecological significance of drought in the equatorial wet evergreen (rain) forest of Sarawak (Borneo). Transact. First Aberdeen-Hull Symp. on Malesian Ecology, 1970. Univ. Hull. Dept. Geogr., Misc. Ser. 11, 66-97.

Brünig, E.F. and Y-W. Huang 1989. Patterns to tree species diversity and canopy structure and dynamics in humid tropical evergreen forests on Borneo and in China. In: Tropical forests. Botanical dynamics, speciation and diversity (C.B. Holm-Nielsen, I.C. Nielsen and H. Balslev, eds.), 75-88. Academic Press, London, 380 p.

Bryant, F.B. 1907. Fire conservancy in Burma. Ind. For. 33, 537-549.

Budowski, G. 1956. Tropical savannas, a sequence of forest felling and repeated burnings. Turrialba 6, 22-33.

Budowski, G. 1966. Fire in tropical American lowland areas. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 5, 5-27. Tallahassee, Florida.

Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft 1973. Weltforstatlas. Paul Parey-Verlag, Hamburg.

Burgan, R.E. and R.C.Rothermel 1984. BEHAVE: Fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system. FUEL subsystem. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-167, 126 p.

Burger, D. 1941. Wie sticht boschbranden? In de tropen altijd de mensch. (Who causes forest fires? In the tropics, alway man. And often because of poverty.) Het Bosch 8, 382-385 (in Dutch).

Burgers, P.F. 1970. An approach towards a silvicultural system for the hill forests of the Malay Peninsula. Malay. Forester 33, 126-134.

Burgess, P.F. 1975. Silviculture in the hill forests of the Malay Peninsula. Malay. For. Dep. Res. Pamph. 66

Burschel, P., C. Gallegos, O.Martinez y W. Moll 1976. Composición y dinamica de un bosque virgen mixto de raulí y coigue. Bosque (Valdivia, Chile) 1, 55-74.

Burschel, P. und M. Weber 1990. Wald und Treibhauseffekt. Wird die Rolle von Forst- und Holzwirtschaft unterschätzt ? In: Treibhauseffekt und Wald, 16-45. Schriftenreihe Stiftung Wald in Not, Bd.5, Bonn, 48 p.

Busse, W. 1908. Die periodischen Grasbrände im tropischen Afrika, ihr Einfluß auf die Vegetation und ihre Bedeutung für die Landeskultur. Mitt. Dtsch. Schutzgebiete 21, 113-139.

Byram, G.M. 1959. Combustion of forest fuels. In: Forest fire: control and use (K.P. Davis, ed.) p. 61-89. McGraw Hill, New York.

Caleda, A.A. and V.P. Veracion 1963. Destructive insect pests of Benguet pine (Pinus insularis Endl.). Forestry Leaves 14 (1), 19-20.

California Department of Forestry 1990. Bibliography and directory of remote sensing of wildland fires. Cal. Dept. For. and Fire Protection, Sacramento, CA, in coop. with Fire Res. Inst., Roslyn, WA, 124 p.

Champion, H.G. 1919. Observations on some effects of fires in the Chir (Pinus longifolia) forests of the West Almora Division. Indian Forester 55, 353-364.

Champion, H.G. and F.C. Osmaston (eds.) 1962. E.P. Stebbing’s “The Forests of India”, Vol. IV, being the history from 1925 to 1947 of the forests now in Burma, India and Pakistan. Oxford Univ. Press, London, 485 p.

Chandler, C., P. Cheney, P. Thomas, L. Trabaud and D. Williams 1983. Fire in forestry. Vol. I and II. John Wiley, New York, 450 and 298 p.

Chandra, K. 1931. Artificial regeneration of fire burnt areas with Deodar in the forests of the Western Himalayas. Ind. For. 57, 118-120.

Chaturvedi, O.P. 1983. Biomass structure, productivity and nutrient cycling in Pinus roxburgii forest. Ph. D. Thesis. Kumaun University, Nainital (India).

Chen, C.G. 1987. Standörtliche, vegetationskundliche und waldbauliche Analyse chinesischer Gebirgsnadelwälder und Anwendung alpiner Gebirgswaldbaumethoden im chinesischen fichtenreichen Gebirgsnadelwald. PhD Diss. Univ. Wien, VWGÖ, Wien, 316 p.

Chheiri, D.B. 1986. Letter to J.G. Goldammer, dated 21 July 1987, on forest fires in Bhutan. Royal Gov. Bhutan, Ministry Agriculture and Forests, Department of Forestry.

Christensen, H.L. and C.H. Muller 1975. Effects of fire on factors controlling plant growth in Adenostoma ahaparral. Ecol. Monogr. 45, 29-55.

Cicerone, R.J. and R.S. Oremland 1988. Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2, 299-327.

Clark, J.S. and J.Robinson 1992. Paleoecology of fire. In: Fire in the environment: Its ecological, climatic and atmospheric chemical importance (P.J.Crutzen and J.G. Goldammer, eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester

Clements, F.G. 1916. Plant succession. Carnegie Institute Publ. 242, Washingotn 512 p.

Clifford, M.H. 1886. Reports on the effects of fire-conservancy on the Rans of the Saharanpur Division. Ind. For. 12, 421-422.

CLIMAP Project Members 1976. The surface of the ice-age earth. Science 191, 1131-1137.

Cockburn, P.F. 1974. The origin of the Sook Plain. Malayan Forester 37, 61-63.

Cole, M.M. 1986. The savannas. Biogeography and geobotany. Academic Press, London, 438p.

Colinvaux, P.A. 1989. The past and future Amazon. Sci. Am. 260 (5), 102-108.

Colinvaux, P.A., M.C. Miller, K.B. Liu, M. Steinitz-Kannan and I. Frost 1985. Discovery of permanent Amazon lakes and hydraulic disturbance in the upper Amazon Basin. Nature 313, 42-45.

Conell, J.H. and E. Orias 1964. The ecological regulation of species diversity. Am. Naturalist 98, 299-414.

Conklin, H.C. 1957. Shifting cultivation and succession to grassland climax. Proc. Ninth Pacific Sci. Congr. Vol. 7, 60-62.

Connell, J.H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199, 1302-1310.

Connor, E.F. 1986. The role of Pleistocene forest refugia in the evolution and biogeography of tropical biotas. Tree 1 (6), 165-168.

Conrad, A. 1925. Das Bodenfeuer als Freund des Forstmannes. Forstl. Wochenschrift Silva 13, 139-141.Cooling, E.N.G. 1968. Pinus merkusii. Fast growing timber trees of the lowland tropics, No. 4. Com. For. Inst., Oxford.

Cook, L. 1939. A contribution to our information on grass burning. S. Afr. J. Sci. 36, 270-282.

Coutinho, L.M. 1990. Fire in the ecology of the Brazilian Cerrado. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 82-105. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Costales, E.G. jr. 1980. Some effects of forest fire on the hydrologic and soil properties of Benguet Pine watershed. MS thesis, Univ. Philippines, Los Banos College, Laguna.

Coster, C. 1932. Eenige waarnemingen omtreut groei en bestrijding van alang-alang [Imperata cylindrica] (Some observations on the growth of Imperata cylindrica and its extermination). Tectona 25, 382-402 (Nl/engl).

Craighead, F.C. 1927. Abnormalities in annual rings resulting from fires. J. For. 25, 840-842.

Critchfield, W.B. and E.L. Little 1966. Geographic distribution of the pines of the world. USDA For. Serv. Misc. Publ 991, Washington, D.C., 97 p.

Crutzen, P.J. 1976. The possible role of COS for the sulfate layer of the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 14, 1263-1278.

Crutzen, P.J. 1987. The role of the tropics in atmospheric chemistry. In: The geophysiology of Amazonia (R.E. Dickinson, ed.), 107-130. John Wiley, New York.

Crutzen, P.J. 1988. Tropospheric ozone: An overview. In: Tropospheric ozone (I.S.A. Isaaksen, ed.), 3-32. Reidel, Dordrecht.

Crutzen, P.J., L.E. Heidt, J.P. Krasnec, W.H. Pollock and W. Seiler 1979. Biomass buring as a source of atmospheric gases CO, H2, N2O, NO, CH3Cl and COS. Nature 282, 253-256.

Crutzen, P.J. and M.O. Andreae 1990. Biomass burning in the tropics: Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 250, 1669-1678.

Crutzen, P.J., W.M. Hao, M.H. Liu, J.M. Lobert and D. Scharffe 1990. Emissions of CO2 and other trace gases to the atmosphere from fires in the tropics. Proc. 28th Liège Int. Astrophys. Colloqu. (in press)

Crutzen, P.J. and J.G. Goldammer (eds.) 1992. Fire in the environment: Its ecological, climatic and atmospheric chemical importance. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (in press).

Cruz, R.E. Dela 1986. Constraints and strategies for the regeneration of Imperata grasslands. BIOTROP Spec. Publ. 25, 23-34. Bogor, Indonesia.

Cumming, D.H.M. 1982. The influence of large herbivores on savanna structure in Africa. In: Ecology of tropical savannas (B. J. Huntley and B. H. Walker, eds.), 217-245. Springer, Berlin, 669 p.Curtis, J.T. and G. Cottam, 1964. Plant ecology work book. Laboratory, field and reference manual. Burges Publ. Comp., Minneapolis.

Danckelmann, v. 1884. Mémoire sur les observations météorologiques faites a Vivi (Congo inférieur). Asher & Co., Berlin.

Davis, K.M., B. D. Clayton and W.C. Fischer 1980. Fire ecology of Lolo National Forest habitat types. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-79, 77 p.

Davis, K.M. and R.W. Mutch 1989. The fires of the Greater Yellowstone Area: The saga of a long hot summer. Western Wildlands 15 (2), 2-9.

De Bano, L.F., L.D. Mann and D.A. Hamilton 1970. Translocation of hydrophobic substances into soil by burning organic litter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 34, 130-133.

De Bruin, H.W. 1976. From fire control to fire management, a major policy change in the Forest Service. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 14, 11-17. Tall Timbers Res. Sta., Tallahassee, Florida.

Dechamps, R. 1984. Evidence of bush fires during the Plio-Pleistocene in Africa (Omo and Sahabi) with the aid of fossil woods. Palaeoecology of Africa Vol. 16, 291-294.DENR (Forest Management Bureau, The Philippines) 1988. Natural forest resources of the Philippines. Philippines-German Forest Resources Inventory Project. Summary Report. Manila.

Deogan, P.N. 1931. Artifical regeneration of 1921 burnt areas as the Western Himalayas. Ind. For. 57, 568-570.

de Ronde, C. 1980. Controlled burning under pines – a preliminary fuel classification system for plantations in the Cape. S. Afr. For. J. 113, 84-86.

de Ronde, C. 1982. The resistance of Pinus species to fire damage. S. Afr. For. J. 122, 22-27.

de Ronde, C. 1983. Controlled burning in pine stands in the Cape: the influence of crown scorch on tree growth and litterfall. S. Afr. For. J. 127, 39-41.

de Ronde, C., J.G. Goldammer, D.D. Wade and R.V. Soares 1990. Prescribed fire in industrial pine plantations. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 216-272. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Deshler, W. 1974. An examination of the extent of fire in the grassland and savanna of Africa along the southern side of the Sahara. Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Remote Sensing of the Environment, held 15-19 April 1974, Vol. I, 23-30. Environ. Res. Inst. Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Detwiler, R.P. and C.A.S. HALL 1988. Tropical Forests and the global carbon cycle. Science 239, 42-47.

Detwiler, R.P., C.A.S. Hall and P. Bogdonoff 1985. Land use change and carbon exchange in the tropics. II. Estimates for the entire region. Environ. Manage. 9, 335-344.

Deutscher Bundestag 1990. Schutz der tropischen Wälder. Zweiter Bericht der Enquête-Kommission d. 11. Dt. Bundestages “Vorsorge zum Schutz der Erdatmosphäre”. Deutscher Bundestag, Referat Öffentlichkeitsarbiet, 983 p.

Deventer, A.J. van 1913. Gemengde djatiboschen [Toelichting en discussive] (Mixed teak forests [Explanation and discussion]). Tectona 6, 481-504 (in Dutch).

Di, X.Y. and E. Ju 1990. The forest conflagration of May 1987 in Northeastern China. In: Fire in Ecosystem dynamics. Mediterranean and northern perspectives (J.G. Goldammer and M.J. Jenkins, eds.), 169-174. SPB Academic Publ., The Hague, 199 p.

Dickinson, R.E. 1992. Effects of fires on global radiation budgets through aerosol and cloud properties. In: Fire in the environment: Its ecological, climatic and atmospheric chemical importance (P.J. Crutzen and J.G. Goldammer, eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (in press).

Doe 1988. The prospects of solving the CO2 problem through global reforestation. 115 DOE INBB-0082, Dist. Category VC-11, Washington, D.C., 66 p.

Doyle, T.W. 1981. The role of disturbance in the gap dynamics of a montane rain forest: an application of a tropical forest succession model. In: Forest succession: concepts and applications (D.C. West, H.H. Stuttgart and D.B. Botkin, eds.), 56-73. Springer-Verlag, New York, 517 p.

Duce, R.A. 1978. Speculations on the budget of particulate and vapor phase nonmethane organic carbon in the global troposphere. Pure and Appl. Geophysics 116, 244-273.

Duinker, P.N. 1990. Climate change and forest management, policy and land use. Land Use Policy 7, 124-137.

Dumlao, T.P. 1987. Soil erosion and surface run-off in secondary dipterocarp forest, annually burned and reforested grassland catchment. MS thesis, Univ. Philippines, Los Baños College, Laguna.

ECE/FAO 1986. European timber trends and prospects to the year 2000 and beyond. United Nations, New York, N.Y.

ECE/FAO 1989: International Forest Fire News, Vol. 2, No. 1, July 1989.

ECE/FAO 1990. Forest fire statistics 1985-1988. ECE/TIM/51, New York, 27 p.

Edwards, M.V. 1947. Minor forest products in Burma during the Japanese Occupation. Ind. For. 73, 532-535. Edwards, D. 1984. Fire regimes in the biomes of South Africa. In Ecological effects of fire in South African ecosystems (P. de V. Booysen and N.M. Tainton, eds.), 19-37, Ecol.Stud. 38, Springer, Berlin, 426p.

Egunjobi, J.K. 1971. Savanna burning, soil ferticlity and herbage productivity in the derived savanna zone of Nigeria. In: Wildlife conservation in West Africa. Proc. 7th Bienn. Conf. West Afr. Sci. Assoc., 52-58.

Ehhalt, D.H., J. Rudolph and U. Schmidt 1986. On the importance of light hydrocarbons in multiphase atmospheric systems. In: Chemistry of multiphase atmospheric systems (W. Jaeschke, ed.), 321-350. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg.

Ellis, R.C. 1985. The relationships among eucalypt forest, grassland and rainforest in a highland area in north-eastern Tasmania. Aus. J. Ecol. 10, 297-314.

Emanuel, K.A. 1987. The dependance of hurricane intensity on climate. Nature 326, 483-485.

Emanuel, W.R., H.H. Shugart and M.P. Stenevenson 1985. Climatic change and the broad-scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes. Climatic Change 7, 29-43.

Endert, F.H. 1927. Floristisch Verslag. Chapter III. In: Midden-Oost-Borneo Expeditie 1929, 200-291. Indisch Comite voor Weetenschapelijke Onderzoekingen, 423 p.

EPA 1989. The potential effects of global climate change on the United States. EPA-230-05-89-050, Washington, D.C., 413 p.

Eriksen, W. 1972. Störungen des Ökosystems patagonischer Steppen- und Waldregionen unter dem Einfluß von Klima und Mensch. In: Ökologie der Biosphäre. Vorträge einer Arbeitssitzung des 38. Dt. Geographentages, Erlangen-Nürnberg 1971, 57-73. Junk, The Hague.

Esser, G. 1991. The IIASA Biosphere Project. Circular letter to the associated and collaborating groups of the Biosphere Project, 14 January 1991. IIASA, Laxenburg, 2 p. + App.

Eussen, J.H.H. 1981. Studies on the growth characteristics of alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. BIOTROP Bull. 18, 23 p.

Evans, G.C. 1939. Ecological studies on the rain forest of Southern Nigeria. II. The atmospheric environmental conditions. J. Ecol. 27, 436-482.

Evans, W.G. 1966. Perception of the infrared sense organs of Melanophila acuminata De Geer (Buprestidae, Coleoptera). Ecology 47, 1061-1065.

Evans, W.G. 1972. The attraction of insects to forest fires. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. Ecol. Animal Contr. Habitat Manage. 3, 115-127. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, 296 p.

Ewel, J., C. Berish, B. Brown, N. Price and J. Raich 1981. Slash and burn impacts on a Costa Rica wet forest site. Ecology 62, 816-829.

FAO 1960. World forest inventory – 1958. FAO, Rome

FAO 1966. World forest inventory – 1963. FAO, Rome

FAO 1979. Present and future forest and plantation areas in the tropics. FAO, FO Misc./79/1. Rome.

FAO 1982 a. Tropical forest resources. FAO Forestry paper 30, FAO, Rome, 106 p.

FAO 1982 b. Recommondations arising from the Workshop on Shifting Cultivation and Extension. FAO Rome/University of Ibadan.

FAO 1982 c. Forestry in China. FAO Forestry Paper 35, Rome, 305 p.

FAO 1983 a. Nature conservation and national parks project, Burma. A survey of Natma Taung (Mount Victoria), Southern Chin Hills, based on the work of J.A. Sayer. FO: BUR/80/006, Field Report 20/83, Rangoon.

FAO 1983 b. Multiple-use forest management, The Philippines. Project findings and recommendations. FAO, Rome, FO: DP/PHI/77/011, 99 p.

FAO 1983 c. Multiple-use forest management, The Philippines. Report of the Joint Government / UNDP/ FAO Evaluation Mission. FAO, Manila, FO: DP / PHI / 77 / 011, 14 p.

FAO 1984 a. Changes in shifting cultivation in Africa. FAO For. Pap. 50 and 50/1. FAO, Rome.

FAO 1984 b. Modern forest fire control, India. Proj. Doc. IND/84/A 01/12, New Delhi, 29 p. + App.

FAO 1985. Tropical Forestry Action Plan. FAO, Rome, 159 p.

FAO 1986. Wildland fire management terminology. FAO Forestry Paper 70, FAO, Rome, 257p.

FAO 1988. An interim report as the state of forest resources in the developing countries. FAO, For. Resources Div., For. Dep., FO: Misc/88/7, Rome, 18 p. + Tables.

FAO 1989. Classification and mapping of vegetation types in tropical Asia (compiled and edited by F. Blasco and P. Legris). FAO, Rome, 169 p.

FAO 1990. Forest resources assessment 1990. Description of survey design, data compilation and data processing methology. FAO VI (mimeo.)

FAO/UNEP 1981 a. Tropical forest resources assessment. FAO Tech. Rep. 1, Los recursos forestales de la América tropical. FAO Rome 343 p.

FAO/UNEP 1981 b. Tropical forest resources assessment. FAO Tech. Rep. 2, Forest Resources of Tropical Africa. FAO, Rome 586 p.

FAO/UNEP 1981 c. Tropical forest resources assessment. FAO Tech. Rep. 3, Forest Resources of Tropical Asia. FAO, Rome, 475 p.

Fearnside, P. 1990. Fire in the tropical rain forest of the Amazon Basin. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 106-116. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Fellin, D.G. and P.C. Kennedy 1972. Abundance of arthropods inhabiting duff and soil after prescribed burning on forest clearcut in northern Idaho. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note INT-162, 8 pp.

Fischer, C.E.C. 1906. A new method of fire-protection. Ind. For. 32, 303-304.

Fischer, C. 1913. Damage to teak by fire. Ind. For. 39, 434-435.

Fishman, J., C.E. Watson, J.C. Larsen and J.A. Logan 1990. Distribution of tropospheric ozone determined from satellite data. J. Geophys. Res. 94 (D4), 3599-3617.

Fishman, J., V. Kirchhoff and T.N. Krishnamurti 1991. Proposal for a study of Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry Near the Equator – Atlantic (TRACE-A). NASA, Hampton, Virginia, 64 p. (mimeo).

Flenley, J.R. 1979 a. The equatorial rain forest: a geological history. Butterworths, London-Boston, 162 p.

Flenley, J.R. 1979 b. The late Quaternary vegetational history of the equatorial mountains. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 3, 488-509.

Flenley, J. 1982. The evidence for ecological change in the tropics. Geogr. J. 148, 11-15.

Flenley, J.R. 1988. Palynological evidence for land use changes in South-East Asia. J. Biogeogr. 15, 185-197.

Flenley, J.R. 1992. Palynological evidence relating to disturbance and other ecological phenomena of rain forests. In: Tropical forests in transition (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 17-24. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel-Boston, 270 p.

Forstreuter, W. 1991. Kiefernwälder, Weidennutzung und Feuer in Honduras. (Gutachten, in Vorb.)

Fosberg, M.J. 1989. Climate change and forest fires. In: Coping with climate change (J.C. Topping, Jr., ed.), 292-296. The Climate Institute, Washington, D.C., 696 p.

Fosberg, M.A., J.G. Goldammer, D. Rind and C. Price 1990. Global change: Effects on forest ecosystems and wildfire severity. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 463-486. Ecol. Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497p.

Fox, J.E.D. 1972. The natural vegetation of Sabah and natural regeneration of the dipterocarp forest. Unpubl. Ph. D. thesis, University of Wales.

Fox, J.E.D. 1976. Environmental constraints on the possibility of natural regeneration after logging in tropical moist forest. J. Forest Ecol. and Manage. 1, 512-536.

Francis, W. 1961. Coal, its formation and composition. Arnold Publ. Ltd., London, 806 p.

Frazer, J.G. 1922. The golden bough. Macmillan Publ. Company, New York, 14th ed.1963, 864p.

Frederiksen, P., S. Langaas and M. Mbaye 1990. NOAA-AVHRR and GIS-based monitoring of fire activity in Senegal – a provisional methodology and potential applications. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer ed.), 400-417. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York.

Freudenthal, H. 1931. Das Feuer im deutschen Glauben und Brauch. De Gruyter & Co., Berlin Leipzig.

Frost, P.G.H. 1984. The responses and survival of organisms in fire-prone environments. In: Ecological effects of fire in South African ecosystems (P. de V. Booysen and N.M. Tainton, eds.), 273-309. Ecological Studies 48, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 426 p.

Frost, P.G.H. 1985. The responses of savanna organisms to fire. In: International savanna symposium 1984 (J.C. Tothill and J.C. Mott, eds.), 232-243. Commonw. Agr. Bur., Canberra, 384 p.

Furniss, R.L. and V.M. Carolin 1977. Western forest insects. USDA For. Serv. Misc. Publ. 1339, 654 pp.

Furniss, M. 1965. Susceptibility of fire-injured douglas-fir to bark beetle attack in southern Idaho. J. For. 63, 8-11.

Gaidula, P. 1976. Wildland fuel management guidelines for the California State Park System. State of California, Resources Agency, Dep. Parks and Recreation, 47 p.

Galbally, I.E. (ed.) 1990. The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Programme. IGAC Steering Committee, 55 p.

Garwood, N.C., D.P. Janos and N. Brokaw 1979. Earthquake-caused landslides: a major disturbance to tropical forests. Science 205, 997-999.

Gilbert, J.M. 1959. Forest succession in the Florentine Valley, Tasmania. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 93, 129-151.

Gill, A.M. 1981. Adaptive responses of Australian vascular plant species to fires. In: Fire and the Australian biota (A.M. Gill, R.H. Groves and I.R. Noble, eds.), 243-272. Austr. Acad. Sci., Canberra, 582 p.

Gill, A.M., R.H. Groves and I.R. Noble (eds.) 1981. Fire and the Australian biota. Austr. Acad. Sci., Canberra,582p.

Gill, A.M., J.R.L. Hoare and N.P. Cheney 1990. Fires and their effects in the wet-dry tropics of Australia. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 159-178. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Gillison, A.N. 1983. Savannas of Australia and the Southwest Pacific. In: Tropical Savannas (F. Bourlière, ed.), 183-243. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 730 p.

Gillon, D. 1983. The fire problem in tropical savannas. In: Tropical savannas (F. Bourlière, ed.), 617-641. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam Oxford, 730 p.

Girard, R. Die ewigen Mayas. Vollmer, Wiesbaden, 579 p.

Gleadow, F. 1905. Fire protection and other matters (correspondance). Ind. For. 31, 265-269.

Glover, H.M. 1913. Departmental firing in Chir (Pinus longifolia) forests in the Rawalpindi Division, Punjab. Ind. For. 39, 568-571.

Glover, J.E. 1975. New finds of sand fulgurites from the Perth Basin, Western Australia. J. Roy. Soc. W. Aust. 58, 54-58.

Glover, J.E. 1978. New data on the origin and distribution of Western Australian sand fulgurites. J. Roy. Soc. W. Aust. 60, 91-96.

Goldammer, J.G. 1978. Feuerökologie und Feuer-Management. Freiburger Waldschutz Abh. 1 (2), 150 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1982. Forschungsvorhaben Feuerökologie. Abschlußbericht der Forschungskooperation Universität Freiburg mit Bundesuniversität von Paraná, Curitiba (DFG Go 351/1, GTZ P.N. 76.2512.2 – 23.100/1222). Freiburg, 122 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1983a. Sicherung des südbrasilianischen Kiefernanbaues durch kontrolliertes Brennen. Hochschul Verlag Freiburg, Forstwiss. Bd. 4, 183 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1983b. (ed.) DFG-Symposion “Feuerökologie”. Symposionsbeiträge. Freiburger Waldschutz-Abh. 4, 301 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1985a. Multiple-use Forest Management. The Philippines. Fire Management. FAO: DP/PHI/77/011, Working Paper No. 17, Rome, 65 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1985b. Feuer und Wald. In: Impacts de l’Homme sur la Forêt, 403-417. Symp. IUFRO, Strasbourg 1984. Colloques de l’INRA 30, Paris, 512 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1985c. Empfehlungen für die agroforstwirtschaftlich relevante Forschung aus der Sicht der Feuerökologie. In: Agroforstwirtschaft in den Tropen und Subtropen, 216-217. Dt. Stiftung. Int. Entwicklung, Zentralstelle Ernährung und Landwirtschaft, Feldafing, 258 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1986b. Technical and Vocational Forestry and Forest Industries Training, Burma. Forest Fire Management. FAO Rome, 60 p. FO: DP/BUR/81/001, Field Document No. 5.

Goldammer, J.G. 1986c. Technical and Vocational Forestry and Forest Industries Training, Burma. Introduction to Forest Fire Management. FAO Rome, 159 p. FO: DP/BUR/81/001, Field Document No. 6.

Goldammer, J.G. 1986d. Modern Forest Fire Control, India. Statistical Forest Fire Reporting. FAO Rome, 27 p. FO: DP/IND/84/003, Tech. Rep. No. 1.

Goldammer, J.G. 1986e. A quick appraisal of the forest fire hazard in Nepal. FAO Kathmandu, 7 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1986f. Waldbrände und die Techniken ihrer Bekämpfung. Umschau 86, 482-487.

Goldammer, J.G. 1986g. Feuer und Waldentwicklung in den Tropen und Subtropen. Freiburger Waldschutz-Abh. 6, 43-57.

Goldammer, J.G. 1986h. Legislation and regulations related to forest fire prevention and control. In: ECE/FAO/ILO Seminar on Methods and Equipment for the Prevention of Forest Fires, 217-225. Inst. Nac. Conservación de la Naturaleza (ICONA), Madrid, Spain, 268 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1987a. TCP Assistance in Forest Fire Management, The Philippines. Forest Fire Research. FAO: TCP/PHI/66053 (T), Working Paper No. 1, Rome, 38 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1987b. Wildfires and Forest Development in Tropical and Subtropical Asia: Prospective outlook towards the year 2000. In: Proc. Symp. Wildland Fire 2000, April 27-30, 1987, South Lake Tahoe, Cal., 164-176. USDA For.Ser. Gen. Techn. Rep. PSW-101, 258 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1987c. International Issues: Report of Futuring Group 9. In: Proc. Symp. Wildland Fire 2000, April 27-30, 1987, South Lake Tahoe, Cal., 256-258. USDA For. Ser. Gen. Techn. Rep. PSW-101, 258 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1987d. Report of visiting professor in forest fire management and fire ecology, Faculty of Forestry (Fakultas Kehutanan), Mularwarman University, Samarinda/East Kalimantan (Indonesia). GTZ, Jakarta, 6 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1988a. Limitations and needs in maintaining or restoring prescribed fire regimes in natural forest lands and plantations. In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Prescribed Burning (Avignon, France, March 1988), 21-30. I.N.R.A. Stat. Sylvicult. Méditerr., Avignon, 346 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1988b. Rural land-use and fires in the tropics. Agroforestry Systems 6, 235-252.

Goldammer, 1989. Looking into the 1990s: A decade of challenges. Editorial, Int. Forest Fire News, No.2, December 1989. ECE/FAO Agriculture and Timber Division, Geneva.

Goldammer, J.G. 1990a. Waldumwandlung und Waldverbrennung in den Tiefland-Regenwäldern des Amazonasbeckens: Ursachen und ökologische Implikationen. In: Amazonien: Versuch einer interdisziplinären Annäherung (A. Hoppe, ed.), 119-142. Ber. Naturforsch. Ges. Freiburg 80, 264 p.

Goldammer, J.G. (ed.) 1990b. Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Goldammer, J.G 1991a: Fire in forests and other ecosystems of Argentina: A synopsis with recommendations for fire ecology research and development of fire management systems. GTZ Report P.N. 85.2025.6-01.100, 22 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1991b: Tropical wildland fires and global changes: Prehistoric evidence, present fire regimes, and future trends. In: Global biomass burning (J.S. Levine, ed.), 83-91. The MIT Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts.

Goldammer, J.G. 1991c. Forestry in Jebel Marra Forest Circle. Final Report “Integrated Fire Management”. GTZ P.N. 86.2595.6-01.100. GTZ, Eschborn.

Goldammer, J.G. (ed.) 1992a. Tropical forests in transition. Ecology of natural and anthropogenic disturbance processes. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel-Boston, 270 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1992b. Tropical forests in transition. Ecology of natural and anthropogenic disturbance processes: An Introduction. In: Tropical forests in transition (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 1-16. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel-Boston, 270 p.

Goldammer, J.G. 1992c. Viet Nam. A fire analysis. ECE/FAO Int. For. Fire News No.7 (July 1992), 13-16.

Goldammer, J.G. 1992d. Projet Pilote de Développement Forestier du massif de Collo/Algérie. Feuer-Management: Beurteilung des Entwicklungsstandes und Vorschläge für ergänzende Maßnahmen. GTZ P.N. 85.2011.6-01.200. GTZ, Eschborn.

Goldammer, J.G. 1992e. Errichtung einer CO2-Stiftung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. GTZ, Eschborn.

Goldammer, J.G. and B. Seibert 1989. Natural rain forest fires in Eastern Borneo during the Pleistocene und Holocene. Naturwissenschaften 76, 518-520.

Goldammer, J.G. and X.Y. Di 1990. Fire and forest development in the Daxinganlius montane-boreal coniferous forest, Heilongjang, Northeast China – A preliminary model. In: Fire in ecosystem dynamics (J.G. Goldammer and M.J. Jenkins, eds.), 175-184. SPB Acad. Publishing bv, The Hague, 199p.

Goldammer, J.G. and S.R. Peñafiel 1990. Fire in the pine-grassland biomes of tropical and subtropical Asia. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 45-62. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Goldammer, J.G. and B. Seibert 1990. The impact of droughts and forest fires on tropical lowland rain forest of Eastern Borneo. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 11-31. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Goldammer, J.G. and M.J. Jenkins (eds.) 1990. Fire in ecosystem dynamics. Mediterranean and northern perspectives. SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, 199 p.

Gorrie, R.M. 1926. Forest fire control. Indian Forester 80, 2-5.

Gossow, H. 1976. Wildökologie. Begriffe, Methoden, Ergebnisse, Konsequenzen. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, 316 p.

Gossow, H. 1978. Feuer im Habitat-Management. Freiburger Waldschutz Abh. 1 (1), 83-97. Forstzool. Inst. Univ. Freiburg, 159 p.

Gowleit, J.A., J. Harris, D. Walton and B.A. Wood 1981. Early archaeological sites, hominid remains and traces of fire from Cheso wanja, Kenya. Nature 294, 125-129.

Grabowsky, F. 1890. Streifzüge durch die malayischen Distrikte Südost-Borneos. II. Globus 57, 219-222.

Green, L.R. 1977. Fuelbreaks and other fuel modification for wildland fire control. USDA For. Serv., Agr. Handbook 499, Washington, 79 p.

Green, L.R. and H.E. Schimke 1971. Guides for fuel breaks in the Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer type. USDA For. Serv., Pacific SW For. and Range Exp. Sta., Berkeley, 14 p.

Greenberg, J.P., P.R. Zimmermann, L. Heidt and W. Pollock 1984. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions from biomass burning in Brazil. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 1350-1354.

Gregoire, J.M. 1990. Effects of the dry season on the vegetation canopy of some river basins of West Africa as deduced from NOAA-AVHRR data. Hydr. Sci. J. 35, 323-338.

Greswell, E.A. 1926. The constructive properties of fire in Chir (Pinus longifolia) forests. Ind. For. 52, 502-505.

Grijpma, P. 1982. Multiple-use forest management, The Philippines. Possibilities for the control of Ips calligraphus (Germar) in the Philippines. FAO (FO/PHI/77/011, Working Paper No. 7, Vol, I + II). Rome, 70 + 26 p.

Grob, M. 1991. Flächenbestimmung von Savannenbränden durch Fernerkundungsverfahren: Eine vergleichende Untersuchung von NOAA-AVHRR und Landsat (MSS)-Daten. Dipl.Arb. Forstzool. Inst. Univ. Freiburg, 83 p.

Gruell, G.E. 1980. Fire’s influence on wildlife habitat on the Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming. Vol. I + II. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-235 + 252, 207 + 35 p.

Gupia, T. and A. Guleria 1982. Some economic and management aspects of a non-wood forest product in India: Tendu leaves. Oxford & IBH Publ., New Delhi, 119 p.

Gupta, B.S. 1910. Fire conservancy in Indian forests. Ind. For. 36, 132-145.

Gusinde, M. 1946. Urmenschen im Feuerland. Paul Zsolnay Verlag, Berlin-Wien-Leipzig.

Haberle, S.G., G.S. Hope and Y. DeFreies 1991. Environmental change in the Baliem Valley, Montane Irian Jaya, Republic of Indonesia. J. Biogeogr. 18, 25-40.

Haffer, J. 1969. Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science 165, 131-137.

Hahn, N. 1992. Verjüngung von Nothofagus pumilio in einem andino-patagonischen Bergwald bei Esquel (Chubut, Argentinien) unter verschiedenen waldbaulichen Behandlungen. Dipl. Arb. Inst. Waldbau. Univ. Freiburg (in Vorb.)

Hakimuddin, M. 1953. Forest Fires. Ind. For. 79, 572-573.

Hall, M. 1984. Man’s historical and traditional use of fire in southern Africa. In: Ecological effects of fire in South African Ecosystems (P.V. Booysen and N.M. Tainton, eds.), 40-52. Springer, Heidelberg-New York. 426 p.

Hallett, J., J.G. Hudson and C.F. Rogers 1989. Characterization of combustion aerosols for haze and cloud formation. Aerosol Sci. and Technology 10, 70-83.

Hanes, T.L. 1971. Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern California. Ecol. Monogr. 41, 27-52.

Hansen, J., A. Lacis, D. Rind, G. Russel, P. Stone, I. Fung, R. Ruedy and J. Lerner 1984. Climate sensitivity: analysis of feedback mechanisms. In: Climate processes and climate sensitivity, 13-163. Geo. Monogr. 29, Am. Geophys. Union.

Hao, W.M., M.-H. Liu and P.J. Crutzen 1990. Estimates of annual and regional releases of CO2 and other trace gases to the atmosphere from fires in the tropics, based on the FAO statistics for the period 1975-80. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 440-462. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Hare, R.G. 1961. Heat effects on living plants. USDA For. Serv. Occ. Pap., South. For. Exp. Sta., 32 p.

Hare, R.G. 1965. Contribution of bark to fire resistance of southern trees. J. For. 63, 248-251.

Harrington, G.N. and I.C. Ross 1974. The savanna ecology of Kidepo Valley National Park. Part 1. The effects of burning and browsing on the vegetation. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 12, 93-106.

Harris, T.M. 1958. Forest fire in the Mesozoic. J. Ecol. 46, 447-453.

Hartmann, A.W. 1949. Fire as a tool in Southern Pine. In: Yearbook of Agriculture, 517-527. Gov. Printing Office, Washington.

Hartshorn, G.S. 1978. Tree falls and tropical forest dynamics. In: Tropical trees as living systems (P.B. Tomlinson and M.H. Zimmermann, eds.), 617-638. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hatami, M. 1987. Analysis of natural regeneration in a forest after fire in Bukit Soeharto [in Indonesian]. Unpubl. S 1 Thesis, Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 52 p.

Hearle, N. 1887. Forest fire near Murree. Ind. For. 13, 312-315.

Hegner, R. 1979. Nichtimmergrüne Waldformationen der Tropen. Kölner Geogr. Arb. 37, 410p.

Heiler, F. 1980. Die Religionen der Menschheit. 3. Aufl. (K.Goldammer, Hrsg.), Reclam, Stuttgart. 678 p.

Heinselman, M.L. 1978. Fire in wilderness ecosystems. In: Wilderness management (J.C. Hendee et al., eds.) 248-278. USDA For. Ser. Misc. Publ. 1365, Washington, D.C.

Heinselman, M.L. 1981. Fire intensity and frequency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems. In: Fire regimes and ecosystems properties, 7-57. USDA For. Ser. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26, 594 p.

Helas, G., H. Bingemer and M.O. Andreae 1990. Organic acids over equatorial Africa: Results from DECAFE a88. J. Geophys. Res. (subm.)

Helas, G., J.P. Lacaux, R. Delmas, D. Scharffe, J. Lobert, J. Goldammer and M.O. Andreae 1992. Ozone as biomass burning product over Africa. Fresenius Envir. Bull. 1, 155-160.

Henkel, J.S. 1931. Types of vegetation in Southern Rhodesia. Proc. and Tr. Rhodesia Sci. Assoc. 30, 1-23. Bulawayo.

Henniker-Gotley, G.R. 1936. A forest fire caused by falling stones. Ind. For. 62, 422-423.

Herr, G., 1982. Ökologische Einflüsse einer Pinus-Monokultur auf einer reliktischen Savanne unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Bodenwasserhaushaltes. Dipl. Arb. Univ. Freiburg, 74 p.

Herrera, R. 1979. Nutrient distribution and cycling in an Amazon Caatinga forest on spodosols in Southern Venezuela. Unpubl. Ph. D. diss., University of Reading.

Herring, J.R. 1985. Charcoal fluxes into sediments of the North Pacific Ocean: The Cenozoic record of burning. In: The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2: Natural variations archean to Present. Geophys. Monogr. 32, 419-442. Am. Geophys. Union, Washington.

Hesmer, H. 1975. Leben und Werk von Dietrich Brandis (1824-1907). Abh. Rhein.-Westfäl. Akad. Wiss. Bd. 58, Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen, 476 p.

Heusser, C.J., J. Rabassa, A. Brandani and R. Stuckenrath 1988. Late-Holocene vegetation of the Andean Araucaria region, Province of Neuquén, Argentina. Mountain Research and Development (1), 53-63.

Hiernaux, P. and L. Diarra 1985. Savanna burning, a controversial technique for rangeland, management in the Niger flood plains of Central Mali. In: International Savanna Symposium 1984 (J.C. Tothill and J.C. Mott, eds.), 238-243. Commonw. Agr. Bur., Austr. Acad. Sci., Canberra, 384 p.

Hildebrandt, G. 1976. Thermal-Infrarot-Aufnahmen zur Waldbrandbekämpfung. Forstarchiv 47, 45-52.

Hill, P. 1972. Grass forage: Food for fauna or fuel for fire or both. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire. Ecol. Conf. 11, 337-375. Tallahassee, Florida.

Hirsch, P. 1987. Deforestation and development in Thailand. Singapore J. Trop. Geogr. 8, 129-138.

Hodgson, E.M. 1905. Fire protection and other matters. The origin of the pure teak forests in the Surat District. Ind. For. 31, 450-451.

Hodgson, E.M. 1906. A new method of fire protection. Ind. For. 32, 145-146.

Holdrigde L.R. 1947. Determination of world plant formations from simple climate data. Science 105, 367-368.

Holowacz, J. 1985. Forests of the USSR. For. Chron. 61, 366-373.

Hopkins, B. 1965 a. Observations on savanna burning in the Olokemeji Forest Reserve, Nigeria. J. Appl. Ecol. 2, 367-381.

Hopkins, B. 1965 b. Forest and savanna. An introduction to tropical plant ecology with special reference to West Afrika. Heinemann, Ibadan, 100 p.

Hopkins, B. 1983. Successional processes. In: Tropical savannas (F. Bourlière, ed.), 605-616. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 730 p.

Houghton, R.A. 1990. The global effects of tropical deforestation. Environ. Sci. and Technology 24, 414-422.

Houghton, R.A., R.D. Boone, J.M. Melillo, C.A. Palm, G.M. Woodwell, N. Myers, B. Moore and D.L. Skole 1985. Net flux of carbon dioxide from tropical forests in 1980. Nature 316, 617-620.

Hubbell, S.P. 1979. Tree dispersion, abundance, and diversity in a tropical dry forest. Science 203, 1299-1309.

Hubbell, S.P. and R.B. Foster 1986. Canopy gaps and the dynamics in a neotropical forest. In: Plant ecology (M.J. Crawley, ed.), 77-96. Blackwell Scientific Publ. Oxford.

Hueck, K. 1966. Die Wälder Südamerikas. Ökologie, Zusammensetzung und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. G.Fischer, Stuttgart, 422 p.

Huhta, V., E. Karpinnen, M. Nurminen and A. Valpas 1967. Effect of silvicultural practices upon arthropod, annelid and nematode populations in coniferous forest soil. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 4, 87-145.

Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpas 1969. Further notes on the effect of silvicultural practices upon the fauna of coniferous soil. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 6, 327-334.

Huntley, B.J. and B.H. Walker (eds.) 1982. Ecology of tropical savannas. Ecol. Studies 42, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 669 p.

IGBP 1990. The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme: A study of global change. The initial core projects. IGBP Rep. 12, Stockholm.

Imort, M. 1989. Das Beziehungsgeflecht und die Auswirkungen der Degradationsfaktoren Feuer, Weide und Brennholzgewinnung auf die Savannenvegetation des Sahel. Dipl. Arb. Forstzool. Inst. Univ. Freiburg, 78 p. + App.

IPCC 1990. Climate change. The IPCC scientific assessment. Report prepared for IPCC by working group 1 (J.T. Houghton, G.J. Jenkins and J.J. Ephraums, eds.), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 365 p.

ITTO 1989. Investigation on the steps needed to rehabilitate the areas of East Kalimantan seriously affected by fire. ITTO: PD 17/87 (F), GTZ P.N. 38.3021.3-11.000, FR Reports 1 to 12. Deutsche Forstservice GmbH, Feldkirchen, Germany.

Jacobson, J. 1979. Recent developments in southern Asian prehistory and protohistory. Ann. Rev. Anthropology 8, 467-502.

Jahn, E. und G. Schimitschek 1950. Bodenkundliche und bodenzoologische Untersuchungen über Auswirkungen von Waldbränden im Hochgebirge (1). Österr. Vierteljahresschrift Forstw. 91, 214-224.

Jemison, G.M. 1943. Effect of single fires on the diameter growth of shortleaf pine in the southern Appalachians. J. For. 41, 574-576.

Jenkins, M.J. 1989. Perspectives on wilderness fires. Int. Forest Fire News 2 (Dec. 1989), 8, ECE/FAO, Geneva.

Jerram, M.R.K. 1922. The effect of fire, shade, and injury on the growth of Pinus longifolia seedlings. Ind. For. 48, 644-647.

Johnson, B. 1984. The great fire of Borneo. Report of a visit to Kalimantan Timur a year later. WWF Rep., 22 p.

Jordan, C.F. 1985. Nutrient cycling in tropical forest ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, New York, 189 p.

Joyce, L.A., M.A. Fosberg and J.C. Comanor 1990. Climate change and America’s forests. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-187, Fort Collins, Colorado, 12 p.

Justice, C.O., J.R.G. Townshend, B.N. Holben and C.J. Tucker 1985. Analysis of the phenology of global vegetation using meterological satellite data. Int. J. Remote Sensing 6, 1271-1318.

Kalela, E. 1941. Über das Zurückweichen der Wälder und den Holzartenwechsel in dem ostpatagonischen Waldgebiet. Ann. Acad. Scient. Fennicae, A.IV.2, 5-151.

Karppinen, E. 1957. Die Oribatiden-Fauna einiger Schlag- und Brandflächen. Entomol. Fenn. 23, 181-203.

Kartawinata, K., S. RISWAN and H. SOEDJITO 1980. The floristic change after disturbances in rowland dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Tropical ecology and management (J.I. Furtado, ed.). Int. Soc. Trop. Ecol., Kuala Lumpur.

Kauffman, J.B. (im Druck). Fire effects on standing tropical rainforest trees in the Brazilian Amazon (subm. to Biotropica).

Kauffman, J.B., C. Uhl and D.L. Cummings 1988. Fire in the Venezuelan Amazon 1: Fuel biomass and fire chemistry in the evergreen rainforest of Venezuela. Oikos 53, 167-175.

Kauffman, J.B. and C. Uhl 1990. Interactions of anthropogenic activities, fire, and rain forests in the Amazon Basin. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 117-134. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Kaufman, Y., C.J. Tucker and I. Fung 1989. Remote sensing of biomass burning in the tropics. Adv. Space Res. 9, 265-268.

Kaufman, Y., A. Setzer, C. Justice, C.J. Tucker, M.C. Pereira and I. Fung 1990. Remote sensing ob biomass burning in the tropics. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 371-399. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Kauppi, P. and M. Posch 1988. A case study of the effects of CO2-induced climatic warming on forest growth and the forest sector: A. Productivity reactions of northern boreal forests. In: The impact of climatic variations on agriculture, Vol. I, Assesment in cool temperate and cold regions (M.L. Parry et al., eds.), 183-195. Reidel, Dordrecht.

Kayll, A.J. 1968. Heat tolerance of tree seedlings. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 8, 89-105.

Keeling, C. 1984. Atmospheric CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa Observatory Hawaii, 1958-1983. US DOE Rep. NDP-D11, Washington, D.C.

Kemp, E.M. 1981. Pre-Quaternary fire in Australia. In: Fire and the Australian biota (A.M. Gill, R.H. Groves and I.R. Noble, eds.), 3-21. Austr. Acad. Sci., Canberra, 582 p.

Kessell, S.R. 1979. Gradient modeling. Resource and fire management. Springer-Verlag, New York. 432 p.

Khalil, M.A.K. and R.A. Rasmussen 1984. Global sources, lifetimes and mass balances of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) in the earth’s atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 18, 1805-1813.

Kiladis, G.N. and H.F. Diaz 1986. An analysis of the 1877-78 ENSO episode and comparison with 1982-83. Mon. Wea. Rev. 114, 1035-1047.

Kilgore, B.M. 1976. Fire management in the National Parks: an overview. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 14, 45-57. Tall Timbers Res. Sta., Tallahassee, Florida.

Kilgore, B.M. 1981. Fire in ecosystem distribution and structure: Western forests and shrublands. In: Fire regimes and ecosystem properties, 58-89. USDA For. Ser. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26, 594 p.

Kilgore, B.M. and G.S. Briggs 1972. Restoring fire to high elevation forest in California. J. For. 70, 266-271.

Kilinski, E.V. 1958. Lehrbuch der Luftelektrizität. Akad. Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & Portig. Leipzig, 141 p.

Klimetzek, D. 1984. Grundlagen einer Überwachung und Bekämpfung der Nutzholzborkenkäfer (Trypodendron spp.) mit Lock- und Ablenkstoffen. Freiburger Waldschutz Abh. 5, Forstzool. Inst. Univ. Freiburg, 227 p.

Klinge, H., E. Medina and R. Herrera 1977. Studies on the ecology of Amazon caatinga forest in southern Venezuela. Acta Cientifica Venezolana 28, 270-276.

Knoch, K. 1930. Klimakunde von Südamerika. In: Handbuch der Klimatologie (W.Köppen et al., eds.). Borntraeger, Berlin.

Köppen, W. 1923. Die Klimate der Erde. de Gruyter, Berlin und Leipzig. 369 p.

Komarek, E.V. 1965. Fire ecology – grasslands and man. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 4, 169-220. Tallahassee, Florida, 279 p.

Komarek, E.V. 1968. Lightning and lightning fires as ecological forces. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 8, 169-197. Tallahassee, Florida.

Komarek, E.V. 1972. Lightning and fire ecology in Africa. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 11, 473-511. Tallahassee, Florida, 516 p.

Komarek, E.V. 1973. Ancient fires. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 12, 219-240. Tallahassee, Florida, 492 p.

Komarek, E.V. 1977 a. Tall Timbers Research Station. A quest for ecological understanding. The Secretary’s review. March 15, 1958-June 30, 1975. Tall Timbers Res. Sta. Misc. Publ. 5, 140 p.

Komarek, E.V. 1977 b. The role of the Tall Timbers Research Station in the development of the study of fire ecology. In: Proc. Symposium on the Environmental Consequences of Fire and Fuel Management in Mediterranean Ecosystems, 488-498. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-3.

Koonce, A.L. and A. Gonzales-Caban 1990. Social and ecological aspects of fire in Central America. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 135-158. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Koshoo, T.N. 1986. Environmental priorities in India and sustainable development. Ind. Sci. Congr. Ass., 73 Sess., New Delhi, 224 p.

Kowal, N.E. 1966. Shifting cultivation, fire and pine forest in the Cordillera Central, Luzón, Philippines. Ecol. Monogr. 36, 389-419.

Kozlowski, T.T. and C.E. Ahlgren (eds.) 1974. Fire and ecosystems. Academic Press, New York, 542 p.

Lal, R. 1987. Tropical ecology and physical edaphology. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester-New York, 732 p.

Lal, R. and D.J. Cummings 1979. Clearing a tropical forest. In: Effects on soil and microclimate. Field Crops Res. 2, 91-107.

Lamprecht, H. 1961. Tropenwälder und tropische Waldwirtschaft. Beih. Z. Schweiz. Forstwesen 32. Fa III 219.

Lamprecht, H. 1986. Waldbau in den Tropen. Die tropischen Waldökosysteme und ihre Baumarten – Möglichkeiten und Methoden zu ihrer nachhaltigen Nutzung. Parey, Hamburg-Berlin. 318 p.

Langaas, S. and K. Muirhead 1988. Monitoring bushfires in est Africa by weather satellites. Proc. 22nd Symp. Remote Sensing of the Environment, Abidjan, 20-26 Oct., 1988, Vol. I, 253-268. Environ. Res. Inst. Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Lanly, J.P. 1985. Defining and measuring shifting cultivation. Unasylva 37 (147), 17-21.

Lapis, E. 1985. Some ecological studies on the six spined engraver beetle, Ips calligraphus (Germar), infesting Pinus kesiya (Royle ex Gordon) in the Philippines. MS thesis, Univ. Philippines, Los Baños College, Laguna.

Lashof, D.A. 1989. The dynamic greenhouse: Feedback processes that may influence future concentrations of atmospheric trace gases and climate change. Climatic Change 14, 213-242.

Lashof, D.A. and D.R. Ahuja 1990. Relative contributions of greenhouse gas emissions to global warming. Nature 344, 529-531.

Lauer, W. 1961. Wandlungen im Landschaftsbild des südchilenischen Seengebietes seit Ende der spanischen Kolonialzeit. Schr. Geogr. Inst. Univ. Kiel 20, 227-276.

Legris, P. 1963. La végétation de l’Inde – Ecologie et flore. Diss. Univ. Toulouse, 589 p.

Le Houéron, H.N. 1989. The grazing land ecosystems of the Africa Sahel. Ecological Studies 75, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 282 p.

Leighton, M. 1984. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation event in Southeast Asia: Effects of drought and fire in tropical forest in Eastern Borneo. WWF Rep., 31 p.

Lennertz, R. and K.F. Panzer 1984. Preliminary assessment of the drought and forest fire damage in Kalimantan Timur. Report by the DFS German Forest Invertory Service. Ltd. to GTZ, 45 p.

Levine, J.S. 1991. Global biomass burning. Atmospheric, climatic and biospheric implications. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts, 569 p.

Lewin, R. 1984. Fragile forests implied by Pleistocene pollen. Science 226, 36-37.

Liacos, L. 1988. Ecological and management aspects of livestock grazing and prescribed burning in Mediterranean warm coniferous forests. In: Documentos del Seminario sobre Metodos y Equipos para la Prevencion de Incendios Forestales (ECE/ILO/FAO), 168-179. ICONA, Madrid, 268 p.

Lieth, H. 1975. Primary production of the major vegetation units of the world. In: Primary productivity of the biosphere (H. Lieth and R.H. Whittaker, eds.), 203-215. Ecological Studies 14, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg.

Linsenmair, K.E. 1990. Mechanismen der Aufrechterhaltung tropischer Diversität. Antrag auf Einrichtung eines DFG-Schwerpunktprogrammes. Würzburg, 48 p. (mimeo).

Little, S. and H.A. Somes 1960. Sprouting of Loblolly pines. J. For. 58, 195-197.

Liu, K.B. and P.A. Colinvaux 1985. Forest changes in the Amazon Basin during the last glacial maximum. Nature 318, 556-557.

Livingstone, D.A. 1982. Quaternary geography of Africa and the refuge theory. In: Biological diversification in the tropics (G.T. Prance, ed.), 523-536. Columbia University Press.

Lobert, J.M. 1989. Verbrennung pflanzlicher Biomasse als Quelle atmosphärischer Spurengase: Cyanoverbindungen, CO, CO2 und NOx. Diss. Univ. Mainz.

Lobert, J.M., D.H. Scharffe, W.M. Hao, T.A. Kuhlbusch, R. Seuwen and P.J. Crutzen 1991. Experimental evaluation of biomass burning emissions: Nitrogen and carbon containing compounds. In: Global biomass burning (J.S. Levine, ed.), 289-304. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts, 5699 p.

Lockert, A. 1991. Entwicklung der Waldbrandsituation und der Feuerschutzpolitik seit dem 19. Jahrhundert in Deutschland. Dipl. Arb. Forstzool. Inst. Univ. Freiburg, 114 p.

Loetsch, F. 1958. Der Einfluß des Brandrodungsbaus auf das Gefüge des Tropenwaldes und die Wasserführung der Ströme, untersucht am Beispiel Nordthailands. Erdkunde 12, 182-205.

Logan, J.A. 1983. Nitrogen oxides in the troposphere: Global and regional budgets. J. Geophys. Res.88, 785-807.

Lugo, A.E. 1983. Organic carbons export by riverine waters of Spain. In: Transport of carbon and minerals in major world rivers, Part 2 (E.T. Degens et al., eds.), 267-279. SCOPE/UNEP Sonderb. 55, Hamburg.

Lugo, A.E. 1988. The future of the forest. Ecosystem rehabilitation in the tropics. Environment 30 (7), 17-45.

Lugo, A. and S. Brown 1986. Steady state terrestrial ecosystems and the global carbon cycle. Vegetation 68, 83-90.

Luke, R.H. and A.G. McArthur 1978. Bushfires in Australia. CSIRO Div. For. Res., Aust. Gov. Publ. Service, Canberra.

Luytjes, A. 1924. Een en ander over den begroeiingstoestand van Noord-Sumatra en over het vorkommen van den Pinus merkusii in dit gebied. (Some remarks on the vegetation of North Sumatra and on the resence of Pinus merkursii in this area.) Tectona 17, 323-351 (in Dutch).

Mabberley, D.J. 1983. Tropical rain forest ecology. Blackie, Glasgow. 156 p.

MacArthur, R.H. 1972. Geographical ecology: Patterns in the distribution of species. Harper and Row, New York.

MacLagan, R. 1954. Forest fire control. Ind. For. 80, 2-5.

Mack, F. 1989. Das El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Phänomen und die Auswirkungen dadurch bedingter Klimaschwankungen auf die Dipterocarpaceenwälder von Ost-Kalimantan, Borneo. Dipl. Arb. Forstzool Inst. Univ. Freiburg, 164 p.

Mack, F. 1992. Integration von Phytomasseverbrennung durch Vegetationsbrände in das High Resolution Biosphere Model (HRBM). Dissertation, Univ. Gießen (in Vorb.).

MacPhail, M.K. 1980. Regeneration processes in Tasmanian forests. Search 11, 184-190.

Mägdefrau, K. 1953. Paläobiologie der Pflanzen. G. Fischer, Jena, 2. Aufl., 438 p.

Maggs, T. 1977. Some recent radiocarbon dates from eastern and southern Africa. J. African Hist. 17 (2), 161-191.

Maggs, T. 1980. The iron age sequence south of the Vaal and Ponjola rivers: some historical implications. J. African Hist. 21 (1), 1-15.

Mal, G.D. 1906. Fire protection and the natural regeneration of Deodar in the forests of the Kulu Division, Punjab. Ind. For. 32, 245-247.

Malingreau, J.P. 1990. The contribution of remote sensing to the global monitoring of fires in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer ed.), 337-370. Ecol. Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497p.

Malingreau, J.P., G. Stephans and L. Fellows 1985. Remote sensing of forest fires: Kalimantan and North Borneo in 1982-83. Ambio 14, 314-321.

Malingreau, J.P. and C.J. Tucker 1988. Large-scale deforestation in the Southeastern Amazon basin of Brazil. Ambio 17, 49-55.

Maloney, B.K. 1985. Man’s impact on the rainforests of West Malesia: the palynological record. J. Biogeogr. 12, 537-558.

Man’ko, J.I. 1987. Ayan spruce. Nauka, Leningrad, 280 p. (in Russian)

Marchant, M.R. and J.H. Borden 1976. Worldwide introduction and establishment of bark and timber beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Simon Fraser Univ. Pest Manage. Pap. 6.

Margulis, L. and J.E. Lovelock 1989. Gaia and geognosy. In: Global ecology. Towards a science of the biosphere (M.R. Rambler, L.Margulis and R.Fester, eds.), 1-30. Academic Press, San Diego, 204 p.

Martin, P.S. and R.G. Klein (eds.) 1984. Quaternary extinctions. A prehistoric revolution. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Martin, R.E. 1963. Thermal and other properties of bark related to fire injury of tree stems. Ph. D. Diss., Univ. Michigan, Ann. Arbor.

Martin, R.E. 1963. A basic approach to fire injury of tree stems. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 2, 151-162. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, 192 p.

Martom, R.E. and R.G. Mitchell 1980. Possible, probable, potential and proben fire-insect interactions. In: Land-use Allocation: Process, People, Politics, Professionals. Proc. 1980 Conv. Soc. Am For.

Masson, H. 1948. La température du sol au cours d’un feu de brousse au Sénégal. Agron. Trop. 3, 174-179.

Mathre, D.E. 1964. Pathogenicity of Ceratocystis ips and Ceratocystis minor to Pinus ponderosa. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. 22, 363-388.

Matson, M. and J. Dozier 1981. Identification of subresolution high temperature sources using a thermal IR sensor. Photogramm. Eng. and Remote Sensing 47, 1311-1318.

Matson, M. and R.S. Schneider 1984. Fire detection using the NOAA-series satellite. NOAA Tech.Rep.NESDIS 7.

Matson, M., J. Robinson and G. Stephens 1987. Fire detection using data from NOAA-N satellites. Int. J. Remote Sensing 8, 961-970.

Matthews, E. 1985. Atlas of archived vegetation, land-use and seasonal albedo data sets. NASA Tech. Memorandum 86199.

McDonald, S.E. and S.L. Krugman 1986. Worldwide planting of southern pines. J. For. 84 (6), 21-24.

McKinley, T.W. 1957. The forests of free Viet-Nam. A preliminary study for organization, protection, policy and production. USOM, Saigon, 150 p.

Meadows, M.E. 1984. Late Quaternary vegetation history of the Nyika Plateau, Malawi. J. Biogeography 11, 209-222.

Mehra, M.S., U. Pathak and J.S. Singh 1985. Nutrient movement in litter fall and precipitation components for Central Himalayan forests. Ann. Bot. 55, 153-170.

Meier, G. 1992. Verjüngung von Austrocedrus chilensis auf einer Brandfläche in einem andino-patagonischen Bergwald bei El Bolson, Argentinien. Dipl. Arb. Forstzool. Inst. Univ. Freiburg (in Vorb.).

Meinecke, Th. 1927. Heidebrennen. Dtsch. Forstwirt 9, 601-602, 605-606.

Mellilo, J.M., C.A. Palm, R.A. Houghton, G.M. Woodwell and N. Myers 1985. A comparison of two recent estimates of disturbance in tropical forests. Environ. Conservation 12, 37-40.

Menaut, J.C. 1983. The vegetation of African savannas. In: Tropical savannas (F. Bourlière, ed.), 109-149. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 730 p.

Menaut, J.C. and J. César 1979. Structure and primary productivity of Lamto savannas (Ivory Coast). Ecology 60, 1197-1210.

Menaut, J.C. and J. César 1982. The structure and dynamics of a West African savanna. In: Ecology tropical savannas (B.J. Huntley and B.H. Walker, eds.), 80-100. Ecological Studies 42, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 669 p.

Menaut, J.C., R. Barbault, P. Lavelle and M. Lepage 1985. African savannas: biological systems of humification and mineralization. In: International Savanna Symposium 1984 (J.C. Tothill and J.C. Mott, eds.), 14-33. Commonw. Agr. Bur., Canberra, 384 p.

Menaut, J.C., L.Abbadie and P.Vitousek 1992. Nutrient and organic matter dynamics in tropical ecosystems. In: Fire in the environment: Its ecological, climatic and atmospheric chemical importance (P.J.Crutzen and J.G. Goldammer, eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (in press).

Menghin, O. 1955. Väino Auer und die prähistorische Forschung in Fuegopatagonien. In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse. Acta Geographica 14 (1), 1-14. Helsinki.

Miller, J.M. and Patterson, J.E. 1927. Preliminary studies on the relation of fire injury to bark-beetle attack in western yellow pine. J. Agr. Res. 34, 597-613.

Milligan, K. and B. Sule 1982. Natural forage resources and their dietary value. In: Nigerian Savanna (W.W. Sanford, H.M. Yefusu and J.S.O. Ayeni, eds.). 190-207. Kainji Lake Res. Inst., New Bussa.

Mirov, N.T. 1967. The genus Pinus. The Ronald Press. Co., New York, 602 p.

Mitscherlich, G., 1971. Wald, Wachstum und Umwelt. 2. Band: Waldklima und Wasserhaushalt. Verlag Sauerländer, Frankfurt, 365 p.

Miyagi, Y., H. Tagawa, E. Suzuki, N. Wirawan and N. Oka 1988. Phytosociological study on the vegetation of Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: A research on the process of earlier recovery of tropical rain forest after a large scale fire in Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia (H.Tugawa und N.Wirawan eds.), 51-62. Kagoshima University, Research Center for the South Pacific, Occ.Pap.14, 136 p.

Mobley, H.E., R.S. Jackson, W.E. Balmer, W.E. Ruziska and W.A. Hough 1973. A guide for prescribed fire in southern forests. USDA For. Serv., Atlanta, Georgia, 40 p.

Mohnen, V.A., W. Goldstein and W.-C. Wang 1991. The conflict over global warming. The application of scientific research to policy choices. Global Env. Change 1, 109-123.

Montag, S. 1990. Brandrodungsformen zum Zwecke der landwirtschaftlichen Zwischennutzung in den Wäldern Europas. Dipl. Arb. Forstzool. Inst. Univ. Freiburg, 98 p.

Mooney, H.A., C. Field and C. Vasquez-Yanes 1984. Photosynthetic characteristics of wet tropical forest plants. In: Physiological ecology of plants of the wet tropics (H.A. Mooney et al., eds.), 113-118. Junk, The Hague.

Moore, A.W. 1960. The influence of annual burning on a soil in the derived savanna zone of Nigeria. Proc. 7th Int. Congr. Soil. Sci., Madison, Wisconsin, 1-36.

Morley, R.J. 1982. A paleoecological interpretation of a 10,000 year pollen record from Danau Padang, Central Sumatra, Indonesia.

Morrison, E.E. 1989. Guardian of the forest. A history of the Smokey Bear program. Morielle Press, Alexandria, Virginia, 132 p.

Mott, J.J., J. Williams, M.H. Andrew and A.N. Gillison 1985. Australian savanna ecosystems. In: Ecology and management of the world’s savannas (J.C. Tothill and J.J. Mott, eds.), 56-82. Austr. Acad. Sci., Canberra.

Moureaux, C. 1959. Fixation de gaz carbonique par le sol. Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, D IX, 109-120.

Mühlenberg, M., A. Galat-Luong, P. Poilecot, B. Steinhauer-Burkard et I. Kühn 1990. L’importance des ilôts forestières de savanne humide pour la conservations de la faune de forêt dense en Côte d’Ivoire. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 45, 197-214.

Müller, K.M. 1929. Aufbau, Wuchs und Verjüngung südosteuropäischer Urwälder. Schaper, Hannover, 322 p.

Mueller-Dombois, D. 1981. Fire in tropical ecosystems. In: Fire regimes and ecosystem properties, Proc. (H.A. Mooney et al., coord.), 137-176. USDA For. Ser. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26, 594 p.

Mueller-Dombois, D. and J.G. Goldammer 1990. Fire in tropical ecosystems and global environmental change: an introduction. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges(J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 1-10. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Muller, C.H., R.B. Hanawalt and J.K. McPherson 1968. Allelopathic control of herb growth in the fire cycle of California chaparral. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 95, 225-231.

Muller, J. 1972. Palynological evidence for change in geomorphology, climate and vegetation in the Mio-Pliocene of Malesia. In: The Quaternary era in Malesia (P. Ashton and M. Ashton, eds.), Univ. of Hull, Dept. Geography.

Munro, N. 1966. The fire ecology of Caribbean pine in Nicaragua. In: Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 5, 67-83. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida.

Musters, G.C. 1871. At home with the Patagonians. London.

Myers, N. 1980 a. Conversion of tropical moist forests. Committee on Research Priorities in Tropical Biology of the National Research Council. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, 205 p.

Myers, N. 1980 b. The present status and future prospects of tropical moist forests. Environ. Conservation 7 (2), 101-114.

Myers, N. 1989. Deforestation rates in tropical forests and their climatic implications. Friends of the Earth Report, London, 116 p.

Nalamphun, A., T. Santisuk and T. Smitinand 1974. The preliminary study on forest fire in dry deciduous forest a ASRCT Salcaerat Experiment Station. ASRCT Rep. 3, Bangkok, 29 p.

National Research Council 1987. Confronting natural disasters. An international decade for natural hazard reduction. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 60 p.

Newsome, J. 1988. Late Quaternary vegetational history of the central highlands of Sumatra. I. Present vegetation and modern pollen rain. J. Biogeogr. 15, 363-386.

Newsome, J. and J.R. Flenley 1988. Late Quaternary vegetational history of the central highlands of Sumatra. II. Palaeopalynology and vegetational history. J. Biogeogr. 15, 555-578.

NFPA 1987 a. Wildfire strikes home: The Report of the National Wildland/Urban Fire Protection Conference. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachussetts, 89 p.

NFPA 1987 b. Wildfire Strikes Home Newsletter. Vol. 1 (No. 1-5). National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachussetts.

Nguyen, B.C., J.G. Goldammer, J.P. Putaud, B. Bonsang and N. Mihalopoulos 1992. Comparison between carbonyl sulfide emission from South East Asiatic and African biomass burning. Paper presented at Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting, 17-21 August 1992, Hongkong (in press).

Nicolas, G. and D. Sillans 1989. Immediate and latent effects of carbon dioxide on insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 34, 97-116.

Noor, M. 1985. An evaluation of natural regeneration of Dipterocarpaceae in a primary forest after fire in Bukit Soeharto, East Kalimantan. (In Indonesian). Unpubl. S1 Thesis, Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 126 p.

Nye, P.H. and D.J. Greenland 1960. The soil under shifting cultivation. Tech. Comm. 51, Commonwealth Bur. Soils, Harpenden, U.K.

Nye, P.H. and D.J.Greenland 1964. Changes in the soil after clearing a tropical forest. Plant and Soil 21, 101-112.

Odum, E.P. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science 164, 262-270.

Oever, H. ten 1912. Die natürliche Verjüngung des Djati (Tectona grandis). Ein Beitrag zur tropischen Forstwirtschaft. J. Schweizer Verlag, München und Berlin, 157 p.

Oguntala, A.B. 1980. The effects of fire on aspects of nitrogen cycling in Olokemeji Forest Reserve, Nigeria. In: Nitrogen cycling (T. Rosswall, ed.), 317-323. Roy. Swed. Acad. Sci., Stockholm.

Oldeman, R.A.A. 1989. Dynamics in tropical rain forests. In: Tropical forests. Botanical dynamics, speciation and diversity (C.B.Holm-Nielsen, I.C.Nielsen and H.Balslev, eds.), 3-21. Academic Press, London, 380 p.

Olson, J.S. 1963. Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems. Ecology 44, 322-332.

Olson, J.S. 1981. Carbon balance in relation to fire regimes. In: Fire regimes and ecosystem properties (H.A. Mooney et al., coord.), 327-378. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26, 594 p.

Ortloff, W. 1992. Holzanatomische Untersuchungen zur Rekonstruktion der Feuergeschichte eines Bestandes von Pinus ponderosa Laws. in den Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. Dipl. Arb. Forstzool. Inst. Univ. Freiburg, 67 p. + App.

Orville, R.E. and R.W. Henderson 1986. Global distribution of midnight lightning: September 1977 to August 1978. Monthly Weather Rev. 114, 2640-2653.

Osmaston, A.E. 1914. Fire protection in Chir forest. Ind. For. 40, 386-391.

Osmaston, A.E. 1920. Observations on some effects of fires and on lightning-struck trees in the Chir forests of the North Garhwal Division. Indian Forester 56, 125-131.

Osmaston, F.C. 1935. The effect of burning on the rate of growth of medium quality Sal coppice. Ind. For. 61, 311-313.

Owen-Smith, N. 1987. Pleistocene extinctions. The pivotal role of megaherbivores. Paleobiology 13, 351-362.

Owen-Smith, N. 1989. Megafaunal extinctions: the conservation message from 11,000 years B.P. Conservation Biology 3, 405-412.

Pastor, J. and W.M. Post 1988. Response of northern forests to CO2-induced climate change. Nature 334, 55-58.

Pellew, R.A.P. 1983. The impacts of elephant, giraffe and fire upon the Acacia tortilis woodlands of the

Serengeti. Afr. J. Ecol. 21, 41-74.

Peñafiel, S.R. 1980. Early post-fire effects in a Themeda grassland. MS Thesis, Univ. Philippines, Los Baños College, Laguna.

Peñafiel, S.R. 1982. Forest fire costs and losses in the Upper Agno River Basin over a four year period. Philippine Lumbermann 28 (2), 20-21.

Peñaloza, R.L. Sabarzo and M. Hervé, 1983. Desarollo de la investigación applicada al uso multiple del recurso suelo, mediante sistemas silvopastorales en el sur de Chile. Univ. Austral de Chile, Fac. Ciencias Forestales, Valdivia, 33 p. (mimeo).

Percival, N.S., M.F. Hawke, D.I. Bond, R.L. Knowles and A.R. Koehler 1982. Forest farming research at Tikitere. New Zealand Forest Service and Ministry of Agriculture and Fischeries Handbook, Rotorua, 18 p.

Pereira, M.C. 1988. Detecçâo, monitoramento e análise de alguns efeitos ambientais de queimadas na Amazonia através da utilizaçâo de imagens dos satélites NOAA e Landsat, e dados de aeronave. MSc Diss. The Brazilian Space Research Inst. INPE-4503-TDL/326, 268p.

Peters, W.J. and L.F. Neuenschwander 1985. Slash and burn: Farming in the Third World forest. University of Idaho Press. Moscow, Idaho, 111 p.

Peterson, J.T. and C.E. Junge 1971. Sources of particulate matter in the atmosphere. In: Man’s impact on the climate (W.H. Matthews, W.W. Kellogg and G.D. Robinson, eds.), 310-320. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Phares, R.E. and J.S. Crosby 1962. Basal sprouting of fire-injured Shortleaf pine trees. J. For. 60, 204-205.

Philander, S.G.H: 1983 a. El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomena. Nature 302, 295-301.

Philander, S.G.H. 1983 b. Anomalous El Niño of 1982-83. Nature 305, 16.

Phillips, J. 1930. Fire: its influence on biotic communities and physical factors in South and East Africa. South Africa J. Sci. 27, 352-367.

Phillips, J. 1965. Fire as master and servant: its influence in the bioclimatic regions of Trans-Saharan Africa. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 4, 7-109. Tallahassee, Florida.

Phillips, J. 1968 a. The influence of fire in Trans-Saharan Africa. In: Conservation of vegetation south of the Sahara (I. and O. Hedberg, eds.). Acta Phytogeogr. Suecia 54, 13-70. Uppsala.

Phillips, J. 1974. Effects of fire in forest and savanna ecosystems of sub-Saharan Africa. In: Fire and ecosystems (T.T. Kozlowski and C.E. Ahlgren, eds.), 435-481. Academic Press, New York.

Pianka, E.R. 1978. Evolutionary ecolgy. Harper and Row, New York.

Pickett, S.T.A. and P.S. White 1985. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, New York.

Popov, L.V. 1982. Jüznotazuye lesa Srednej Sibiri (Forests of the southern taiga of central Siberia) (in Russian). Izd-vo Irkutskogo Universitäta, Irkutsk.

Potter, G.L., H.W. Ellsaesser, M.C. MacCracken and F.M. Luther 1975. Possible climate effects of tropical deforestation. Nature 258, 697-698.

Poulsen, G. 1982. The nonwood products of African forests. Unasylva 34 (137), 15-21.

Prance, G.T. 1982. Forest refuges: Evidence from woody angiosperms. In: Biological diversification in the tropics (G.T. Prance, ed.), 137-157. Columbia University Press, New York.

Prasad, V.N. 1957. Forest fire in Palaman District. Ind. For. 83, 54-55.

Price, J.G. 1984. Land surface temperature measurements from the split window channels of the NOAA-7 AVHRR. J. Geophys. Res. 89 (D 5), 7231-7237.

Pring, N.G. and A. Bakhsh 1940. Fire protection in high hill forests. Ind. For. 56, 70-79, 135-146.

Pyne, S.J. 1982. Fire in America. A cultural history of wildland and rural fire. Princeton Univ. Press, New Jersey, 654p.

Pyne, S.J. 1984. Introduction to wildland fire management in the United States. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 455p.

Pyne, S.J. 1989. The summer we let wild fire loose. Natural History, August 1989, 45-49.

Pyne, S.J. 1990. Fire conservancy: The origins of wildland fire protection in British India, America and Australia. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 319-336. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Pyne, S.J. 1991. Burning bush. A fire history of Australia. Henry Holt and Company, New York, 520 p.

Quiun, W.H., D.O. Zopf, K.S. Short and R.T.W. Kuo Yang 1978. Historical trends and statistics of the Southern Oscillation, El Niño, and Indonesian droughts. Fish. Bull. 76, 663-678.

Ramage, C.S. 1986. El Niño. Spektrum der Wissenschaft, Heft 8, 92-100.

Rananathan, V., R.J. Cicerone, H.B. Singh and J.T. Kiehl 1985. Trace gas trends and their potential role in climate change. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 5547-5566.

Rasmusson, E.M. and T.H. Carpenter 1982. Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 354-384.

Rasmusson, E.M. and J.M. Wallace 1983. Meteorological aspects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Science 222, 1195-1202.

Rawat, A.S. 1949. Results of controlled burning in the Sal plantations of Bengal. Ind. For. 75, 69-86.

Recke, 1928. Naturverjüngung der Kiefer durch Brandkultur. Dtsch. Forstwirt 10, 652-653.

Reese, J.B., F.R. Mohr, R.E. Dean and Th. Klabunde 1976. Teton wilderness fire management plan. Bridger-Teton National Forest, Jackson, Wyoming, 51 p. + App.

Remmert, H. (ed.) 1991. The mosaic-cycle concept of ecosystems. Ecological Studies 85, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 168 p.

Rempe, A. und G. Rodewald 1985. Brandlehre. Dt. Gemeindeverlag. Stuttgart.

Rensburg, H.J. van 1972. Fire: its effects on grasslands including swamps. – Southern, Central and Eastern Africa. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 11, 175-199. Tallahassee, Florida.

Revilla, A.V., J.A. Canonizado and M.C. Gregorio 1987. Forest Resources Management Report. For. Res. Mgmt. Task Force, Resource Policy Group, DENR, Manila.

Ritsema van Eck, C.R.S. 1920. Nota betreffende de bescherming der in stand to houden wildhoutbosschen im het gebergte tegen boschbranden inzonderheit door boschtechnische maatregeln. (Note concerning the protection of mountain forests against forest fires, especially by technical measures.) Tectona 13, 336-351.

Richards, P.W. 1976. The tropical rain forest. Cambridge Univ. Press, 5th ed., 450 p.

Rind, D., R. Goldberg, J. Hansen, C. Rosenzweig and R. Ruedy. Potential evapotranspiration and the likelihood of future drought. J. Geophys. Res. 95 (D 7), 9983-10004.

Riswan, S. 1976. Penelitan suksesi hutan tanah rendak tropika di Gunung Kapur, Lempake, Samarinda [Succession study on lowland tropical forest at Gunung Kapur, Lempake, Samarinda], Frontir, Universitas Murlawarman 6, 25-27.

Riswan, S. 1982. Ecological studies on primary, secondary and experimentally cleared mixed dipterocarp forest and kerangas forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ph. D. Diss. Univ. Aberdeen.

Riswan, S. and R. Yusuf 1986. Effects of forest fires on trees in the lowland dipterocarp forest of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Forest Regeneration in Southeast Asia, 155-163. BIOTROP Spec. Publ. 25. SEAMEO-BIOTROP, Bogor, Indonesia, 227 p.

Riswan, S. and K. Kartawinata 1989. Regeneration after disturbance in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ekologi Indonesia 1, 9-28.

Riswan, S. and R. Abdulhadi 1992. Succession after disturbance of lowland mixed dipterocarp forest by shifting agriculture in East Kalimantan. In: Tropical forests in transition. Ecology of natural and anthropogenic disturbance processes (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 77-84. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel-Boston, 270 p.

Rodger, A. 1943. Handbook of forest products of Burma. Rangoon.

Rodgers, A.D. 1968. Bernard Eduard Fernow: A story of North American forestry. Hafner, New York.

Rodger, H. 1907. The effects of fire in teak forests. Ind. For. 33, 17-19.

Roswall, T. 1981. The biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. In: Some perspectives of the major biogeochemical cycles (G.E. Likens, ed.), 25-50. SCOPE 17, J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England.

Rothkugerl, M. 1916. Los bosques patagónicos. Buenos Aires.

Royal Forest Department Thailand 1988. Forest fire control in Thailand. Bangkok, 14 p.

Ruthenberg, H. 1980. Farming systems in the tropics. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Saigal, R. 1990. Modern forest fire control: the Indian experience. Unasylva 41 (162), 21-27.

Sajise, P.E. and V.T. Codera 1980. Effects of fire on grassland vegetation. Upland Hydroecology Program. Ann. Rep. Univ. Philippines, Los Banos College, Laguna.

Salati, E. 1987. The forest and hydrological cycle. In: The geophysiology of Amazonia (R.E. Dickinson, ed.), 273-296. John Wiley, New York, 526 p.

Salati, E., J. Marques and L.C.B. Molion 1978. Origem e distribuçâo das chuvas na Amazônia. Interciencia 3 (4), Caracas, Venezuela.

Salati, E. and P.B. Vose 1983. Depletion of tropical rain forests. Ambio 12, 67-71.

Saldarriaga, J.G. and D.C. West 1986. Holocene fires in the northern Amazon basin. Quat. Res. 26, 358-366.

Salisbury, H. 1989. The Great Black Dragon Fire. A Chinese inferno. Little, Brown and Company. Boston, 180 p.

Salo, J., R. Kalliola, I. Häkkinen, Y. Mäkinen, P. Niemelä, M. Puhakka and P.D. Coley 1986. River dynamics and the diversity of the Amazonian lowland forest. Nature 322, 254-258.

Salo, J. 1987. Pleistocene forest refuges in the Amazon: evaluation of the biostratigraphical, lithostratigraphical and geomorphological data. Ann. Zool. Fennici, 24, 203-211.

Sanford, R.L., J. Saldarriaga, K.E. Clark, C. Uhl and R. Herrera 1985. Amazon rain-forest fires. Science 227, 53-55.

San José, J.J. and E. Medina 1975. Effects of fire on organic matter production and water balance in a tropical savanna. In: Tropical ecological systems (F.B. Golley and E. Medina, eds.), 251-264. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York.

Sargent, C. 1985. The forests of Bhutan. Ambio 14 (2), 75-80.

Sarmiento, G. 1983. The savannas of tropical America. In: Tropical savannas (F. Bourlière, ed.), 245-288. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 730 p.

Savage, J.M., C.R. Goldman, D.P. Janos, A.E. Lugo, P.H. Raven, P.A. Sanchez and H.G. Wells 1982. Ecological aspects of development in the humid tropics. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Schäfer, H., H. Krieger and H. Bossel 1992. Process-oriented models for simulation of growth dynamics of tropical natural and plantation forests. In: Tropical forests in transition. Ecology of natural and anthropogenic disturbance processes (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 191-224. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel-Boston.

Schenk, C.A. 1955. The Biltmore story. Recollections of the beginning of forestry in the United States. Am. For. Hist. Found., Minnesota. Hist. Soc., St. Paul, 224 p.

Schlesinger, W.H. and J.M. Melack 1981. Transport of organic carbon in the world’s rivers. Tellus 33, 172-187.

Schlich, W. 1922. Schlich’s manual of forestry. Vol. I. Forest policy in the British Empire. 4th Ed., London.

Schmidt, U. 1975. Molecular hydrogen in the atmosphere. Tellus 27, 93.

Schmidt-Vogt, H. 1977. Die Fichte. Vol. I. Paul Parey, Hamburg-Berlin, 647 p.

Schmidt-Vogt, D. 1990. Fire in high altitude forests of the Nepal Himalaya. In: Fire in ecosystem dynamics. Mediterranean and northern perspectives (J.G. Goldammer and M.J. Jenkins, eds.), 191-199. SPB Academic Publ., The Hague, 199 p.

Schmutzenhofer, H. 1988. Borkenkäfer-Massenvermehrungen im Ost-Himalaya. Ursachen und Auswirkungen. Öster. Forst Z. Nr. 99 (1), 13-14.

Schönherr, J. und H.J. Pedrosa-Macedo 1981. Scolytoidae in den Aufforstungen Brasiliens. Z. angew. Ent. 92, 48-61.

Scholander, P.F., H.T. Hammel, E.D. Bradstreet and E.H. Hemmingson 1965. Sap pressure in vascular plants. Science 148, 339-346.

Scholl, D.G. 1975. Soil wettability and fire in Arizona chaparral. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39, 356-361.

Schowalter, T.D., R.N. Coulson and D.A. Crossley 1981. Role of southern pine beetle and fire in maintenance of structure and function of the southeastern coniferous forest. Environ. Entomol. 10, 821-825.

Schubart, H.D.R. 1982. Fundamentos ecologicos para o manejo florestal na Amazônia. Anais do congresso nacional sobre essencias nativas. Rev. Inst. Florestal, Vol 16 A, Sáo Paulo.

Schüle, W. 1990. Landscapes and climate in prehistory: Interaction of wildlife, man and fire. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 271-318. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497p.

Schüle, W. 1991. Vegetation, megaherbivores, man and climate in the Quaternary and the genesis of closed rain forests. In: Tropical forests in transition. Ecology of natural and anthropogenic disturbance processes (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 45-76. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel-Boston, 270 p.

Schweinfurth, U. 1957. Die horizontale und vertikale Verbreitung der Vegetation im Himalaya. Bonner Geogr. Abh. 20, Dümmlers-Verlag, Bonn, 372 p.

Schweinfurth, U. 1988. Pinus in Southeast Asia. Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 63, 253-269.

Seavoy, R.E. 1975. The origin of tropical grasslands in Kalimantan, Indonesia. J. Trop. Ecol. 40, 48-52.

Sedjo, R.A. 1990. The global carbon cycle: Are forests the missing sink? J. For. 88, 33-34.

Seibert, B. 1988. Forest fires in East Kalimantan 1982-83 and 1987: The press coverage. Fac. For. Univ. Mulawarman, Samarinda, East Kalimantan (mimeo).

Seibert, P. 1979. Die Vegetationskarte des Gebietes von El Bolsón, Provinz Rio Negro, und ihre Anwendung in der Landnutzungsplanung. Bonner Geogr. Abh., Heft 62.

Seiler, W. and P.J. Crutzen 1980. Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning. Climatic Change 2, 207-247.

Seopardi, G. 1980. Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) and soil fertility. Biotrop Spec. Publ. 5, 57-69. Bogor, Indonesia.

Sertsu, S.M. and P.A. Sanchez 1978. Effects of heating on some changes in soil properties in relation to an Ethiopian land management practice. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42, 940-944.

Setzer, A.W. and M.C. Pereira 1991. Amazonia biomass burnings in 1987 and an estimate of their tropospheric emissions. Ambio 20, 19-22.

Shands, W.E. and J.S. Hoffman (eds.) 1987. The greenhouse effect, climate change and U.S. Forests. The Conservation Foundation, Washington, 304 p.

Shebbeare, E.O. 1928. Fire protection and fire control in India. Third British Empire Forestry Conference, 1928. Green, Govern. Print. Canberra, p. 1-6.

Shirley, G.S. 1926. Fire protection in plantations. Ind. For. 52, 317-321.

Shostakovitch, V.B. 1925. Forest conflagration in Siberia. With special reference to the fire of 1915. J. For. 23, 365-371.

Simpson, B.B. 1982. The refuge theory (a review). Science 217, 526-596.

Simpson, B.B. and J. Haffer 1978. Speciation patterns in the Amazonian forest biota. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 9, 497-518.

Singh. B. 1924. Fire protection in Sal forests. Ind. For. 50, 410-414.

Singh, J.S., Rawat, Y.S. and Chaturverdi, O.P. 1984. Replacement of oak forest with pine in the Himalaya affects the nitrogen cycle. Nature 311, 54-56.

Singh, J.S. and Singh, S.P. 1984. An integrated study of eastern Kumaun Himalaya, with emphasis on natural resources. Vol. 1 Studies with regional perspectives. Final Report (HCS/DST/187/76). Kumaun University, Nainital.

Singh, J.S., Yang Hanxi and P.E. Sajise 1985. Structural and functional aspects of Indian and Southeast Asian savanna ecosystems. In: International Savanna Symposium 1984 (J.C. Tothill and J.C. Mott, eds.), 34-51. Commonw. Agr. Bur., Canberra, 384 p.

Singh, J.S. and Singh, S.P. 1987. Forest vegetation of the Himalaya. Bot. Rev. 53, 80-192.

Singh, R.S., S.C. Srivastava, A.S. Raghubanshi, J.S. Singh and S.P. Singh 1991. Microbial C, N and P in dry tropical savanna: effects of burning and grazing. J. Appl. Ecol. 28, 869-878.

Skovlin, J.M. 1972. The influence of fire on important range grasses of East Africa. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 11, 201-217, Tallahassee, Florida.

Smith, T.M., J.B. Smith and H.H. Shugart 1992. Modeling the response of terrestrial vegetation to climate change in the tropics. In: Tropical forests in transition. Ecology of natural and anthropogenic disturbance processes (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 253-268. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel-Boston, 270 p.

Smythies, E.A. 1911. Some aspects of fire protection in Chir forests (Pinus longifolia). Ind. For. 37, 53-62.

Soares, R.V. 1990. Fire in some tropical and subtropical South American vegetation types: an overview. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 63-81. Ecological Studies 84. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Soares, R.V. 1992. Forest fires in Brazilian industrial plantations and protected public lands. (Submitted to Int. J. Wildland Fire Sci.).

Soepardi, G. 1980. Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) and soil fertility. BIOTROP Spec. Publ. 5, 57-69. Bogor, Indonesia.

Sommer, A. 1976. Attempt at an assessment of the world’s tropical moist forests. Unasylva 28 (112-113), 5-24.

Spaan, W.J. 1912. Natuurlijke voorplanting der djatiboschen. (Natural regeneration of teak forests.) Tectona 5, 571-576, 811-817 (in Dutch).

Spencer, J.E. 1965. Shifting cultivation in Southeast Asia. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Srivastava, P.C. 1985. Work plan for the modern forest fire control, Uttar Pradesh (1985-1989), Haldwani, 203 p.

Stark, N. and M. Spratt 1977. Root biomass and nutrient storage in rain forest oxisols near San Carlos de Rio Negro. Tropical Ecology 18, 1-9.

Stein, N. 1978. Coniferen im westlichen malayischen Archipel. Biogeographica XI, Junk, The Hague.

Steinlin, H.J. 1979. Die Holzproduktion der Welt. Ökologische, soziale und ökonomische Aspekte. Schweiz. Z. Forstw. 130, 109-131.

Steinlin, H.J. 1982. Monitoring the world’s tropical moist forests. Unasylva 34 (137), 2-18.

Stöhr, G., D. Baggio and J. Faber 1982. Poda verde em Pinus taeda? Fundaçâo de Pesquisas Florestais do Paraná, Curitiba.

Stokes, M.A. and J.H. Dieterich (tech. coord.) 1980. Proceedings of the fire history workshop, October 20-24, 1980, Tucson, Arizona. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81, 142 p.

Stone, E.L. and M.H. Stone, 1954. Root collar sprouts in pine. J. For. 52, 487-491.

Stott, P.A. 1986. The spatial pattern of dry season fires in the savanna forests of Thailand. J. Biogeogr. 13, 345-358.

Stott, P.A. 1988 a. Savanna forest and seasonal fire in South East Asia. Plants Today 1, 196-200.

Stott, P.A. 1988 b. The forest as phoenix: towards a biography of fire in mainland South East Asia. Geogr. J. 154, 337-350.

Stott, P.A., J.G. Goldammer and W. Werner 1990. The role of fire in the tropical lowland deciduous forest of Asia. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 32-44. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York., 497 p.

Street-Perrott, F.A., D.S.Marchand, N.Roberts and S.P.Harrison 1989. Global lake-level variations from 18,000 to 0 years ago: A paleoclimatic analysis. US Department of Energy, DOE/ER/60303-H1, TRO46. Washington, D.C., 213 p.

Suess, E. 1975. Die Entstehung der Alpen. Wilhelm Braumüller, Wien.

Sukwong, S., P. Dhamanitayakul and S. Pongumphai 1975. Phenology and seasonal growth of dry dipterocarp forest tree species. The Kasetsart J. 9, 105-113.

Sukwong, S. and P. Dhamanitayakul 1977. Some effects of fire on dry dipterocarp community. Proc. Symp. Management of Forest Production in Southeast Asia, Bangkok, April 19-22, p. 380-390.

Suyono, H. 1984. Kerusakan tegakan hutan akitbat kebakaran pada hutan pendidikan Universitas Mulawarman die Lempake, Samarinda [Damage of a forest stand caused by fire in the educational forest of Mulawarman University in Lempake, Samarinda]. Unpubl. S 1 Thesis, Forestry Faculty. Mulawarman University, Samarinda. 59 p.

Swank, W.T., N.B. Goebel and J.D. Helvey 1972. Interception loss in Loblolly pine stands of the South Carolina Piedmont. J. Soil and Water Conservation 27, 160-164.

Swart, F. 1939. Begroening en reboisatie van het Wilisgebergte in de afdeeling Kediri. (Vegetation and reafforestation of the Wilis Mountains in the Kediri region.) Tectona 32, 469-508.

Swetnan, T.W. and J.L. Betancourt 1990. Fire-Southern Oscillation relations in the Southwestern United States. Science 249, 1017-1020.

Tagawa, H., E. Suzuki, N. Wirawan, Y. Miyagi, N.P. Oka 1988. Change of vegetation in Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan. In: A research on the process of earlier recovery of tropical rain forest after a large scale fire in Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia (H. Tagawa and N. Wirawan, eds.), 12-50. Kagoshima University, Research Center for the South Pacific, Occ. Pap. 14, 136 p.

Tagawa, H. and N. Wirawan (eds.) 1988. A research on the process of earlier recovery of tropical rain forest after a large scale fire in Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia. Kagoshima University, Research Center for the South Pacific, Occ. Pap. 14, 136 p.

Talbot, L.B. 1989. Man’s role in managing the global environment. In: Changing the global environment (D.B.Botkin, M.F.Caswell, J.E.Estes and A.A. Orio, eds.), 17-33. Academic Press, San Diego, 459p.

Tall Timber Fire Ecology Conferences 1962-1976. Edited by Tall Timber Res. Sta., Tallahassee, Florida.

Tall Timbers Research Station (ed.) 1972. Fire in Africa. Proc.Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 11, Tallahassee, Florida, 516 p.

Tans, P.P., I.Y. Fung and T. Takahashi 1990. Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget. Science 247, 1431-1438.

Teusan, S. 1992. Kartierung der brennbaren Bodenvegetation als Grundlage für Feuerschutzmaßnahmen. Projet Pilote de Développement Forestier du Massif de Collo/Algérie. GTZ P.N. 85.2011.601.200. GTZ, Eschborn.

Thoning, K.W., P.P. Tans and W.D. Komhyr 1984. Atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory. 2. Analysis of the NOAA GMCC Data, 1974-1985. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 8549-8565.

Timmer, P. 1911. Boschbrandbescherming in de houtvesterij Noord-Kradenan (Protection against forest fires in the North Kradenan forest district). Tectona 4, 702-727 (in Dutch)

Tjitrosemito, S. 1986. The use of herbicides as an aid for reforestation in Imperata grassland. BIOTROP Spec. Publ. 25, 201-211. Bogor, Indonesia.

Topping, J.C. 1989. Coping with climate change. Proceedings of the Second North American Conference on Preparing for Climate Change: A Cooperative Approach. The Climate Institute, Washington, D.C., 696 p.

Tothill, J.G. and J.C. Mott (eds.) 1985. International Savanna Symposium 1984. Commonw. Agr. Bur., Canberra, 384 p.

Trapnell, C.G., M.T. Friend, G.T. Chamberlain and H.F. Birch 1976. The effect of fire and termites on a Zambian woodland soil. J. Ecol. 64, 577-588.

Troensegaard, J. 1989. FAO’s program on forest fire protection: A review of activities for the period 1970-989. Mimeo, FAO, Rome, 18 p.

Trollope, W.S.W. 1974. The role of fire in preventing bush encroachment in the Eastern Cape. Proc. Grassland Soc. South. Africa 9, 67-72.

Troup, A.J. 1965. The Southern Oscillation. Q.J.R. Meteoral. Soc. 91, 490-506.

Troup, R.S. 1916. Pinus longifolia Roxb.; a sylvicultural study. Indian Forest Memoirs, Sylviculture Ser. Vol.1,Part 1.

Troup, R.S. 1921. The silviculture of Indian trees. Vol. I-III.

Turman, B.N. and B.C. Edgar 1982. Global lightning distributions at dawn and dusk. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 1191-1206.

Turco, R.P., O.B. Toon, R.C. Whitten, J.B. Pollack and P. Hamill 1983. The global cycle of particulate elemental carbon: A theoretical assessment. In: Precipitation scavenging, dry deposition and resuspension (H.R. Pruppacher, R.G. Semonin and W.G.N. Slinn, eds.), 1337-1351. Elsevier, New York.

Uhl, C. and Clark, K. 1983. Seed ecology of selected Amazon Basin successional species. Bot. Gazette 144, 419-425.

Uhl, C. and C.F. Jordan 1984. Vegetation and nutrient dynamics during the first five years of succession following forest cutting and burning in the Rio Negro region of Amazonia. Ecology 65, 1476-1490.

Uhl, C., J.B. Kauffmann and D.L. Cummings 1988. Fire in the Venezuelan Amazon 2: Environmental conditions necessary for forest fires in the evergreen rainforest of Venezuela. Oikos 53, 176-184.

Uhl, C., and J.B. Kauffman 1990. Deforestation effects on fire susceptibility and the potential response of tree species to fire in the rain forest of the eastern Amazon. Ecology 71, 437-449.

UNESCO 1979. Tropical grazing land ecosystems. A state of the knowledge report No. 16. UNESCO/UNEP/FAO, Paris.

US Federal Register 1988. Recommendations of the Fire Management Policy Review Team. Fed.Reg.Vol.53, No.244, Part III, Dept.of Agriculture / Dept. of the Interior. 20 December 1988, p. 51196-51205

USDA Forest Service 1977. Consequences of fire and fuel management in mediterranean ecosystems. Proceedings of the symposium, 1-5 August 1977, Palo Alto, California (H.A.Mooney amd C.E.Conrad, tech. coord.). USDA For.Ser.Gen.Tech.Rep. WO-3, Washington, D.C., 498 p.

USDA Forest Service 1978. Effects of fire on soil. A state-of-knowledge report. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-7, 34 p.

USDA Forest Service 1980. Forestry activities and deforestation problem in developing countries – USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboraties. PASA No. AG/TAB-1080-10-78. 115 p. + App.

USDA Forest Service 1981. Fire regimes and ecosystem properties (H.A.Mooney et al., coord.). Proceedings of the conference, 11-15 December 1978, Honolulu, Hawaii. USDA For.Serv.Gen.Tech.Rep. WO-26, 594 p.

USDA Forest Service 1985. Proceedings – Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fires (Missoula, Montana, Nov. 15-18, 1983). USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-182, 434p.

USDA Forest Service 1986. Proceedings – National Wilderness Research Conference: Current Research. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-212, 553 p.

USDA Forest Service 1988a. Protecting people and homes from wildfire in the Interior West. Proceedings of a symposium held in Missoula, Montana, 6-8 Oct. 1987. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-251, 213 p.

USDA Forest Service 1988b. International disaster assistance. A report of the Disaster Assistance Support Program. USDA For. Serv. O.I.D., USAID and D.F.D.A., Washington, D.C., 14 p. (mimeo).

USDA Forest Service 1990. International Wildland Fire Conference: The People, the Land, the Resources. Proceedings of the conference, held in Boston, Massachusetts, 23-26 July 1989. USDA For. Serv., Washington, D.C., 95 p.

Valentine, J.F. 1990. Grazing management. Academic Press, New York.

van der Hammen, T. 1974. The Pleistocene change of vegetation and climate in tropcial South America. J. Biogeogr. 1, 3-26.

van der Hammen, T. 1983. The paleoecology and paleogeography of savannas. In: Tropical savannas (F. Bourlière, ed.), 19-35. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 730 p.

van Miegroet 1979. On forest stability. Sylva gandavensis. Nr. 46, 29 p.

van Wilgen , B.W., C.S. Everson and W.S.W. Trollope 1990. Fire management in Southern Africa: Some examples of current objectives, practices, and problems. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 179-215. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Vareschi, V. 1962. La quema como factor ecologico en los Llanos. Bol. Soc. Venez. Cienc. Nat. 23, 9-26.

Veblen, T.T. and D.H. Ashton 1978. Catastrophic influences on the vegetation of the Valdivian Andes, Chile. Vegetatio 36, 149-167.

Veblen, T.T. and D.C. Lorenz 1987. Post-fire stand development of Austrocedrus-Nothofagus forests in northern Patagonia. Vegetatio 71, 113-126.

Venator, C.R. 1977. Formation of root storage organs and sprouts in Pinus oocarpa seedlings. Turrialba 27, 41-46.

Verma, S.K. 1972. Observations sur l’écologie des forêts d’Anogeissus pendula Edgew. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques No. 144.

Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. 1972. Fire and animal impact on vegetation in Tanzania National Parks. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 11, 297-317. Tallahassee, Florida.

Villecourt, P., W. Schmidt and J. César 1979. The chemical composition of the herbaceous layer of the Lamto savannah (Ivory Coast). Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. 16, 9-15.

Viro, P.J. 1974. Effects of fire on soil. In: Fire and ecosystems (T.T. Kozlowski and C.E. Ahlgren, eds.), 7-45, Academic Press, New York, 542 p.

Viro, P.J. 1978. Brandwirtschaft im Waldbau. Freiburger Waldsch. Abh. 1 (1), 99-106.

Vitale, L. 1990. Umwelt in Lateinamerika – Die Geschichte einer Zerstörung. ISP-Verlag, Frankfurt.

Vité, J.P. 1957. Zur Kenntnis der westamerikanischen Lärche Larix occidentalis Nuttal. Forstwiss. Cbl. 76, 277-294.

Vité, J.P. 1961. The influence of water supply on oleoresin exudation pressure and resistance to bark beetle attack in Pinus ponderosa. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. 21, 37-66.

Vité, J.P. 1981. Zur Problematik des Waldschutzes: Aufgaben der forstlichen Forschung in der Sicherung des Kiefernanbaues. Fo.- u. Holzw. 36, 325-327.

Vité, J.P. and D.L. Wood 1961. A study on the applicability of the measurement of oleoresin exudation pressure in determining susceptibility of second growth ponderosa pine to bark beetle infestation. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. 21, 67-78.

Vité, J.P. und J.G. Goldammer 1977. Verwendung des kontrollierten Feuers in Waldbau und Forstschutz. Allg. Forst Z. 32, 368-369.

Vitousek, P.M. 1991. Trace gas exchanges in agricultural ecosystems. Paper presented at the 10th Int. Symp. on Environmental Biogeochemistry, San Francisco, California, 19-23 August 1991.

Vlug, H. and J.H. Borden 1973. Soil Acari and Collembola populations affected by logging and slash burning in coastal British Columbia coniferous forests. Environ. Entomol. 2, 1016-1023.

Vogl, R.J. 1969. The role of fire in the evolution of the Hawaiian flora and vegetation. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 9, 5-60.

Wade, D., J. Ewel and R. Hofstetter 1980. Fire in South Florida ecosystems. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-17, Asheville, 125 p.

Wade, D.D. 1983. Fire management in the Slash pine ecosystem. In: The managed Slash pine ecosystem, Symp. Proc., 203-227, 290-294. Univ. Florida, Sch. Nat. Res., Gainesville.

Wade, D.D. and J.D. Lansford 1989. A guide for prescribed fire in southern forests. USDA For. Serv., Southern Region Tech. Publ. R8-TP11, 56 p.

Wadsworth, F.H. and G. H. Englerth 1959. Effects of the 1956 hurricane on forest in Puerto Rico. Caribb. For. 20, 38-51.

Waide, R.B. and A.E. Lugo 1992. A research perspective on disturbance and recovery of a tropical montane forest. In: Tropical forests in transition. Ecology of natural and anthropogenic disturbance processes (J.G. Goldammer, ed.), 173-190. Birkhäuder-Verlag, Basel-Boston.

Wakimoto, R.H. 1990. National fire management policy. The interagency review team report. J. For. 88 (10), 22-26.

Walker, H.C. 1908. Fire-protection in Burma. Ind. For. 34, 339-349.

Walker, H.S. 1910. Fire conservancy in Indian forests. Ind. For. 36, 356-360.

Walstad, J.D., S.R. Radosevich and D.V. Sandberg (eds.) 1990. Natural and prescribed fire in Pacific Northwest forests. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 336 p.

Walter, H. und S.-W. Breckle 1984. Ökologie der Erde, Bd. II. Spezielle Ökologie der tropischen und subtropischen Zonen. Fischer, Stuttgart, 461 p.

Walter, H., E. Harnickel und D. Müller-Dombois 1975. Klimadiagramm-Karten der einzelnen Kontinente und ökologische Klimagliederung der Erde. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.

Walter, H. 1977. Vegetationszonen und Klima. Ulmer, Stuttgart, 309 p.

Wang, C.W. 1961. The forest of China with a survey of grassland and desert vegetation. Maria Moors Cabot Tound. Publ. 5, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, 313 p.

Washington, W.M. and C.L. Parkinson 1986. An introduction to three dimensional climate modeling. University Science Books, Mill Valley, California, 422 p.

Watters, R.F. 1971. Shifting Cultivation in Latin America. FAO For. Dev. Pap. 17, Rome.

Watters, R.F. 1960. The nature of shifting cultivation. Pacific Viewpoint 1, 59-99.

Weaver, P.L. 1989. Forest changes after Hurricanes in Puerto Rico’s Luquillo Mountains. Intercientia 14, 181-192.

Wedekind, G.W. 1847. Ueber die landwirthschaftliche Zwischennutzung. Allg. Forst- u. Jagdztg. 13, 88-92.

Weidelt, H.J. and V.S. Banaag 1982. Aspects of management and silviculture of Philippine dipterocarp forests. Schriftenreihe der Dt. Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, No. 132, Eschborn. 302 p.

Wein, R.W. 1983. Fire behaviour and ecological effects in organic terrain. In: The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems (R.W. Wein and D.A. MacLean, eds.), 81-95. John Wiley, Chichester, New York, 322 p.

Weinland, G. 1983. Unveröffentlichter interner Bericht der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ).

Weiss, K.F. 1990. Abschätzung der jährlichen Biomasseverbrennung und Kohlenstoffemissionen aus Wald- und Savannenbränden in den Tropen und Subtropen. Dipl. Arb. Forstzool. Inst. Univ. Freiburg, 88p.

Wells, C.G. et al. 1979. Effects of fire on soil. A state-of-knowledge review. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-7, 34 p.

West, O. 1972. Fire, man and wildlife as interacting factors limiting the development of climax vegetation in Rhodesia. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 11, 121-145. Tallahassee, Florida.

Westveld, R.H. 1949. Applied silviculture in the U.S. New York, 2nd ed.

Wharton, C.H. 1966. Fire and wild cattle in North Cambodia. Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 5, 23-65.

White, R.E. and D. Grossman 1972. The effect of prolonged seasonal burning on soil fertility under Trachypogon-other species grassland at Frankenwald. S. Afr. J. Sci. 68, 234-239.

Whitmore, T.C. 1962 a. Studies in systematic bark morphology. I. Bark morphology in Dipterocarpaceae. New Phytol. 61, 191-207.

Whitmore, T.C. 1962 b. Studies in systematic bark morphology. II. General features of bark construction in Dipterocarpaceae. New Phytol. 61, 208-220.

Whitmore, T.C. 1962 c. Why do trees have different sorts of bark? New Sci. 16, 330-331.

Whitmore, T.C. 1962 d. Bark morphology as an aid to forest recognition and taxonomy in Dipterocarpaceae. Flora Melanesia Bull. 18, 1017-1019.

Whitmore, T.C. 1963. Studies in systematic bark morphology. III. Bark taxonomy in Dipterocarpaceae. Gdns. Gull. Singapore 19, 321-371.

Whitmore, T.C. 1975. Tropical rain forests of the Far East. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 282 p.

Whitmore, T.C. 1984. Gap size and species richness in tropical rain forests. Biotropica 16, 239.

Whittaker, R.H. 1977. Evolution of species diversity in land communities. Evolutionary Biology 10, 1-67.

Wickman, B.E. 1964. Freshly scorched pines attract large numbers of Arhopalus asperatus adults. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 40.

Wilcoxson, K.H. 1966. Chains of fire – the story of volcanoes. Chilton books, Philadelphia, 235 p.

Williams, E.R. 1985. Large-scale charge separation in thunderclouds. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 6013-6025.

Windhorst, H.W. 1974. Das Ertragspotential der Wälder der Erde. Beih. Geogr. Z. 39, 1-25. Steiner-Verlag, Wiesbaden.

Wirawan, N. 1983. Progress in the management of protected areas in Kalimantan and consequences of recent forest fires. WWF Rep.

Wirawan, N. and Hadiyono 1983. Survey to the eastern part of the proposed Kutai National Park, June 17-27 (mimeo).

Wong, C.S. 1978a. Atmospheric input of carbon dioxide from burning wood. Science 200, 197-200.

Wong, C.S. 1978b. Carbon dioxide – a global environmental problem into the future. Marine Pollution Bull. 9, 257-264.

Woods, P. 1987. Drought and fire in tropical forests in Sabah. An analysis of rainfall pattern and some ecological effects. In: Proc. Third Round Table Conf. on Dipterocarps, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 16-20 April 1985 (A. Kostermans, ed.), 367-387. UNESCO, Regional Office Service for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia, Djakarta, Indonesia, 657 p.

Woodwell, G.M., J.E. Hobbie, R.A. Houghton, B.J. Petersen and G.R. Shaver 1983. Global deforestation: contribution to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science 222, 1081-1086.

World Meteorological Organization 1956. World distribution of thunderstorm days. Part 2: Tables of Marine Data and World maps. WMO/OMM-No. 21.

World Meteorological Organization 1982. Wildland fires particularly in tropical regions (A.B. Oguntala, Rapporteur). Comm. Agr. Met., WMO Rep. 10, 39p.

World Meteorological Organization 1985. Atmospheric Ozone, Global Ozone Research and Monotoring Project, Report No. 16. WMO, Geneva.

Wright, H.A. and A.W. Bailey 1982. Fire ecology. United States and Southern Canada. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 501 p.

Wuerthner, G., 1988. Yellowstone and the fires of change. Haggis House Publ., Salt Lake City, 64 p.

Yahya, A. 1984. The effect of the forest fire on a primary forest with different slopes on the physical and chemical properties of soils at PT. ITCI Kenangan [in Indonesian]. Unpubl. S 1 Thesis, Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University, Samarinda

Yamaguchi, H., A. Nobuchi, E.D. de Guzman and R.E. dela Crutz 1979. The biology of Ips calligraphus (Germar) (Coleoptera) and its role in the deterioration of Bengeut pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon). The Pterocarpus, Phil. Sci, J. For. 5 (2), 1-16.

Zengh, H., Z. Zhou and X.Y. Di 1988. The behaviour and effects of forest fires during May 1987. 10th Ann. Symp. IUFRO Working Party S 1.05-12 (in press).

Zinke, P.J., A.G. Stangenberger, W.M. Post, W.R. Emanuel and J.S. Olson 1984. Worldwide organic soil carbon and nitrogen data. Oak Ridge Nat. Lab. Env. Sci. Div. Publ. 2212. US Dep. Energy.

Zinke, P.J., S. Sabhasri and P. Kunstadter 1978. Soil fertility aspects of the Lua forest fallow system of shifting cultivation. In: Farmers in the forest: economic development and marpinal agriculture in Northern Thailand (P. Kunstadter, E.C. Chapman, S. Sabhasri, eds.), 160-184. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu.

Zorn, T. 1991. Methodische Aspekte der Jahrringanalyse an Stammscheiben feuergeschädigter Bäume. Dipl.Arb. Waldbau Inst. Univ. Freiburg, 60 p. + App.

---

Top
Back