Do Australia’s giant fire-dependent trees belong in the rainforest?
Do Australia’s giant fire-dependent trees belong in the rainforest?
31 October 2012
published by http://phys.org
Australia–– Australia’s giant eucalyptus trees are the tallest flowering plants on earth, yet their unique
relationship with fire makes them a huge puzzle for ecologists. Now the first global assessment of
these giants, published in New Phytologist, seeks to end a century of debate over the species’
classification, a debate which may determine their future.
Gigantic trees are as rare as they are awe inspiring. Of the 100,000 global tree species only 50, less than
0.005%, reach over 70 meters in height. While many of these giants live in Pacific North America, Borneo
and similar habitats, 13 are eucalypts which live in Southern and Eastern Australia.
The tallest flowering plant to call Australia home is Eucalyptus regnans, with temperate eastern Victoria
and Tasmania being home to the six tallest recorded species of the genus. One Tasmanian tree was
measured at 99.6 m, while a tree in Victoria achieved the historic record of 114.3 m.
“The conifers of North America are often thought of as the largest trees on earth, yet the flowering
eucalyptus trees of Australia reach comparable heights,” Professor David Bowman, from the University of
Tasmania’s School of Plant Science. “This is surprising as Australia is the world’s driest inhabited continent.
Yet, this apparent paradox may explain the evolutionary advantage of gigantism in trees.”
Wildfires are common in dry and arid environments such as Australia, but Eucalyptus regnans has evolved
a unique dependency on fire for regeneration. While fire may kill the trees, their seeds are protected in
aerial capsules, which are then released on to the scorched earth. The fire not only clears away potential
seed predators and any forest canopy which may block sunlight; it also releases nutrients in the soil which
encourages seed growth.
“This unique relationship with fire helps us understand how these giants evolved,” said Bowman. “Our
research suggests gigantism in eucalypts evolved opportunistically within the last 20 million when the ideal
environmental conditions for rapid tree growth were combined with the presence of wildfire.”
However, fire dependency now threatens the trees’ future as much as it has shaped their past. Due to this
trait foresters classify the tree as unique type of Australian vegetation, rather than considering it a rainforest
tree.
“This classification has serious scientific and conservation implications for the remaining forests of mature
(old growth) giant eucalypts,” said Bowman. “Giant trees have huge value for the timber industry, yet there
are strong environmental reasons for their protection. Classification as rainforest trees would support
arguments in favour of conservation.”
Dr Bowman’s team presents a comparative analysis which clarifies the relationship between the giant
eucalypts and other rain forest species. Their findings suggest that while the species has evolutionary
advantages which allow it to outcompete other species, they do coexist on the margins of rainforests and
should be considered part of that ecosystem.
“Our work seeks to resolve a century old dispute about rain forest classification,” concluded Professor
Bowman. “Rather than seeing them in isolation we place these giants into their global context by
recognizing them as species of rainforest tree, albeit trees with a unique dependence on fire.”
